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AP Hu Geo U2 P.1 A2
Attempt 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is demography? | The scientific study of population characteristics; how people are distributed spatially by: age, gender, occupation, health, fertility, etc. |
| Why study population? | There are nearly 8 billion people on the planet Population growth is concentrated in the developing world The speed of the growth - 1950-2000 – the fastest growth in history - Current Rates – fast, but slowing down |
| For most human history (pre-agricultural) roughly what was the total population? | 500,000 |
| What is carrying capacity? | The population size of a species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the available resources |
| Through what means can carrying capacity change? | Technology & trade Agricultural Revolution The Industrial Revolution The Green Revolution |
| What are the four major population clusters? | Europe, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia |
| How much of the world's population in located in the four major population clusters? | 2/3s or 5 billion |
| What are 3 emerging population clusters? | West Africa, East Africa, SE South America |
| What things to people tend to avoid living in or near? | Cold climates, mountains, dry climates (interior of large landmasses), too wet |
| What things to people like living in or near? | Low lying areas, fertile soil, temperate climates, oceans, rivers |
| What human factors influence population distribution? | Economic, political, cultural, historical |
| Where does Canada rank in area and population? | 2nd in area; 38th in population |
| Where does Bangladesh rank in area and population? | 92nd in area; 8th in population |
| What is Ecumene? | The portion of the Earth occupied by human settlement |
| What portion of the earth does 75% of humanity occupy? | 5% |
| Who was Thomas Malthus? | A British economist and environmental determinist who looked at population growth and saw a serious issue. He was writing during the Industrial Revolution when England was in Stage 2 of the DTM. |
| What do Malthusians believe? | That population increase exponentially and resources increase linearly eventually leading to a massive shortage of resources. |
| What do Neo-Malthusians believe? | The crash is still coming and the more we delay it, the worse it will be. More focused on resources than food. |
| Why hasn't the crash Malthus predicted happened yet? | Human ingenuity and technology. Ex. Chemical Fertilizers, Refrigeration, The Green Revolution. More brains = more resources that can be used to solve problems |
| What is a pronatalist policy? | a government policy that supports higher birth rates |
| What is an antinatalist policy? | a government policy that supports lower birth rates |
| Why do most European countries have pronatalist policies? | Many have total fertility rates below replacement level |
| What are some pronatalist policies? | free medical and hospital care, family allowances, extended maternity leaves, government paid child care, financial bonuses for first, second, and further children |
| What is Arithmetic Density? | The total number of people divided by the total land area |
| What are the pros and cons of arithmetic density? | Pros: easily answers the “where”; the necessary data is easy to obtain Cons: can be too vague to be meaningful |
| What is the world's arithmetic density? | 60 |
| What is Monaco's arithmetic density and is it high or low? | 19,361; high |
| What is Mongolia's arithmetic density and is it high or low? | 2; low |
| What is the USA's arithmetic density? | 36 |
| What is China's arithmetic density? | 150 |
| What is Singapore's arithmetic density? | 8,019 |
| What is the Netherlands arithmetic density? | 518 |
| What is physiological density? | The total number of people divided by the arable land |
| What is arable land? | Land suited for agriculture |
| What are the pros of physiological density? | measures sustainability (how much pressure is put on the land) |
| What is the physiological density of the USA? | 215 |
| What is the physiological density of Egypt? | 3,350 |
| What is the physiological density of The Netherlands? | 1,668 |
| What is agricultural density? | The total number of farmers divided by the arable land |
| What are the pros of agricultural density? | accounts for economic differences; more technology and better techniques lower this number |
| What is the agricultural density of the USA? | 0.4 |
| What is the agricultural density of Egypt | 208 |
| What is the agricultural density of The Netherlands? | 9 |
| What is Natural Increase Rate? | The percentage by which a population grows in a year |
| What are some acronyms for Natural Increase Rate? | RNI NIR NRI |
| What is the USA's NIR? | 0.1 |
| What is the world's NIR? | 1 |
| What is Africa's NIR? | 2.5 |
| Does NIR include immigration? | No, the NIR doesn't |
| Where has 95% of the population increase since 1980 been? | The developing world |
| What is the reason the overall world population growing despite the NIR dropping? | The base population grew |
| What is doubling time? | the number of years needed to double a population if the NIR is constant |
| How is doubling time calculated? | 70 divided by the NIR |
| What is the world's doubling time (in years)? | 70 |
| What is China's doubling time (in years)? | 700 |
| When does natural increase occur? | When births exceed deaths |
| What is crude birth rate? | The total number of live births for every 1,000 people |
| What is the world's crude birth rate? | 18 |
| What is the USA's crude birth rate? | 11 |
| What is China's crude birth rate? | 8 |
| What is total fertility rate (TFR)? | The average number of children a woman will have during her child-bearing years (age 15-49) |
| What is the world's TFR? | 2.3 |
| What is the USA's TFR? | 1.6 |
| What is Niger's TFR? | 7 |
| What is China's TFR? | 1.3 |
| What is the difference between the meanings of CBR and TFR? | The former gives a strong picture of the pattern in a given year and the later predicts future trends and behaviors |
| When is zero population growth (ZPG) achieved? | When TFR=2.1 |
| What is infant mortality rate (IMR)? | The number of deaths in infants under the age of 1 compared to every 1000 live births. |
| What is the world's IMR? | 31 |
| What is the USA's IMR? | 5 |
| What is Chad's IMR? | 79 |
| What is China's IMR? | 9 |
| What is crude death rate (CDR)? | The total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in society |
| What is the USA's CDR? | 10 |
| What is the world's CDR? | 8 |
| What is China's CDR? | 7 |
| What is a population pyramid? | A bar graph that displays the percentage of a population for each age and gender |
| What is an age-sex cohort? | Single-bar left or right of the origin representing the number of individuals of that gender and age |
| What is a sex ratio? | Number of males vs. females |
| What is the pre-reproductive age range (in years)? | 0-14 |
| What is the reproductive age range (in years)? | 15-44 |
| What is the post-reproductive age range (in years)? | 45+ |
| Can you make a valid prediction about the future using a population pyramid and the reproductive age ranges? | Yes |
| What are the four idealized shapes for population pyramids? | triangular, extended triangle, colum, reduced pentagon |
| What is the growth trait and some examples of a triangle population pyramid? | Fast growing; developing countries. 3rd world, Laos, Mozambique |
| What is the growth trait and some examples of a extended triangle population pyramid? | Moderate growth; industrialized countries, Mexico, Brazil |
| What is the growth trait and some examples of a column population pyramid? | Slow growth; industrialized, 1st world, USA, Uruguay |
| What is the growth trait and some examples of a reduced pentagon population pyramid? | Shrinking growth; post-industrial, Denmark, Japan |
| What should you look for in a population pyramid to measure the area's economic situation? | The shape (i.e. triangle=developing) |
| What will be needed if a population pyramid is too young? | Many schools, hospitals, and day care centers will be needed |
| What will be needed if a population pyramid is too old? | Income for the elderly (social security), medical care, and hospitals will be needed |
| What can drastically affect a population pyramid aside from economics? | Wars, Baby Booms, Baby Busts, Infanticide, Cultural trends, Religion |
| What is a dependency ratio? | The number of people too young (<15) or too old to work (>65) compared to the number of people in the work force |
| What is demographic momentum? | The tendency for growing populations to continue growing |
| Why do populations grow despite birth rates dropping? | More women (who were children in the earlier growth) are coming into their child-bearing years |
| What does a demographic transition model (DTM) graph? | NIR, CBR, CDR, and/or total population |
| What can a DTM help you understand? | Migration, fertility, economic development, industrialization, urbanization, labor, politics, and the roles of women |
| What do most demographers want for the DTM? | A 5th stage |
| In the first stage of the DMR what are the CBR, CDR, NIR, and life expectancy like? | CBR – Very high CDR – Very high NIR – Very low Life Expectancy- low 33-50 |
| What is the economy like in areas in the first stage of the DTM? | pre-industrial; subsistence farming, transhumance, simple agriculture; hunter-gatherers |
| What is the role of women in areas in the first and second stages of the DTM? | Traditional |
| What is one thing agricultural societies encourage and why? | lots of children because they are viewed as resources and for most of history there was high infant mortality |
| What is one reason life expectancy is low in areas in the first stage of the DTM? | Weak health care |
| Is any state in the first stage of the DTM today? | No |
| Why might a state regress to the first stage of the DTM? | War or other chaotic circumstances |
| Where are some cultures in the first stage of the DTM located? | The Amazon |
| What moved most societies from the first stage of the DTM to the second? | The Agricultural Revolution |
| What is The Agricultural Revolution? | The gradual transformation of the traditional agricultural system that began in Britain in the 18th century. |
| What did The Agricultural Revolution focus on? | The reallocation of land ownership to make farms more compact and an increased investment in technical improvements, such as new machinery, better drainage, scientific methods of breeding, and experimentation with new crops and systems of crop rotation. |
| In the second stage of the DTM what are the CBR, CDR, NIR, and life expectancy like? | CBR – High CDR – Rapidly declining NIR – Very high Life Expectancy – Increasing <70 |
| What is the economy like in areas in the second stage of the DTM? | Agricultural/Beginning to Industrialize |
| What leads to increased health in the second stage of the DTM? | Increased production, agricultural improvements, and the industrial revolution's "medical revolution", |
| When did the transition to the second stage of the DTM begin in the Global North? | The 1750s |
| When did the transition to the second stage of the DTM begin in the Global South? | The 1950s |
| After the medical revolution where did the new medicines and medical technology diffuse? | The developing world |
| What explains the rapid population growth in the second stage of the DTM? | Culture is slow to change and still encourages lots of children, but infant mortality is drops |
| What began the movement to the third stage of the DTM? | The Industrial Revolution |
| In the third stage of the DTM what are the CBR, CDR, NIR, and life expectancy like? | BR – Rapidly declining CDR – Moderately declining NIR – Moderate Life Expectancy – Higher <78 |
| What is the economy like in areas in the economy of the third stage of the DTM? | Industrialized |
| What is the role of women in most areas in the third stage of the demographic transition model? | New opportunities to work. Increased access to contraceptives |
| Why does the third stage of the DTM begin with a drop in the CBR? | Culture catches up and children are now seen as economic burdens. |
| Why are children viewed as expensive in the third stage of the DTM? | They're much less likely to die young |
| When did the Global North hit the third stage of the DTM? | The early 20th century |
| When did many countries in Asia and Latin America hit the third stage of the DTM? | The second half of the 20th century |
| In the fourth stage of the DTM what are the CBR, CDR, NIR, and life expectancy like? | CBR – Very low CDR – Low or slightly increasing NIR – around 0 Life Expectancy – High <82 |
| What is the economy like in areas in the economy of the fourth stage of the DTM? | Fully Industrialized or Post-Industrial |
| What is a Post-Industrial economy like? | Typically service-based |
| What is the role of women typically in the fourth stage of the DTM? | Economically and socially empowered |
| What does DINK stand for? | Dual Income No Kids |
| How does the culture change in areas in the fourth stage of the DTM? | Women move into the work force, many couples choose to live as DINKs, access to birth control and sex education is high |
| In the theoretical fifth stage of the DTM what are the CBR, CDR, NIR, and life expectancy like? | CBR – Extremely low CDR – Increasing…why? NIR – Negative Life Expectancy – High <82 |
| What is the economy like in areas that would be in the theoretical fifth stage of the DTM? | Exclusively post-industrial |
| Why is the CBR extremely low in the theoretical fifth stage of the DTM? | It’s too expensive to have kids or cultural values have changed and women want careers |
| What is the shape of the typical population pyramid in the first stage of the DTM? | Extreme elongated isosceles triangle |
| What is the shape of the typical population pyramid in the second stage of the DTM? | Equilateral triangle |
| What is the shape of the typical population pyramid in the third stage of the DTM? | Colum |
| What is the shape of the typical population pyramid in the fourth stage of the DTM? | Reduced Pentagon |
| What is the shape of the typical population pyramid in the theoretical fifth stage of the DTM? | Extreme Reduced pentagon (nearly upside down trriangle) |
| What are the shortcomings of the DTM? | Was developed based on Western countries (does not translate to every country), made for millions now billions are needed, countries can now develop between the stages faster than the first ones did, policies can change what stage a country appears as |
| When was the Epidemiological Transition developed? | The 1970s |
| What was the Epidemiological Transition developed to measure? | The health threats at each stage of the DTM |
| In the first stage of the DTM what does the Epidemiological Transition predict? | Pestilence and famine, pandemics, “natural causes” |
| In the second stage of the DTM what does the Epidemiological Transition predict? | Receding pandemics |
| In the third stage of the DTM what does the Epidemiological Transition predict? | Degenerative Diseases meaning a rise in chronic disorders associated with aging |
| In the fourth stage of the DTM what does the Epidemiological Transition predict? | Delayed Degenerative Disease and Lifestyle Disease because medical advances help combat heart disease and cancer |
| What are the pros and cons of the fourth stage of the Epidemiological Transition? | Pros: better diet options, reduced use of tobacco and alcohol Cons: increased use of prescription and illegal drugs, consumption of non-nutritious foods and a sedentary lifestyle |
| What are the 3 main epidemiological problems in the theoretical fifth stage of the DTM? | Evolution of disease microbes, poverty, and increased connections |
| What is the world life expectancy? | 73 years |
| What is the USA's life expectancy? | 77 years |
| What is Africa's life expectancy? | 64 years |
| What is a maternal mortality rate? | The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy |
| What is the world's maternal mortality rate? | 211 |
| What is the USA's maternal mortality rate? | 19 |
| What is Belarus's maternal mortality rate? | 2 |
| What is Africa's maternal mortality rate? | 534 |
| What is interregional movement? | ovement from one region to another region |
| What is intraregional movement? | Movement within one region of a country |
| In the 1880s German geographer E.G. Ravenstein developed what? | Eight patterns or laws that formed the basis of migration theory (after minor modification) |
| What was E.G. Ravenstein's modified first law? | 1) Short Distance – most migrants travel only a short distance. - Distance Decay – the further apart two places are, the less likely it is that people will migrate - Time-Distance Decay – updated in the 1960s to account for transportation technologies |
| What was E.G. Ravenstein's modified second law? | 2) Urban Areas – most migrants will settle in large urban areas - Gravity Model of Migration – combines distance decay with the greater pull of large communities |
| What was E.G. Ravenstein's modified third law? | 3) Step Migration - migration that follows a path of a series of stages or steps toward a final destination |
| What was E.G. Ravenstein's modified fourth law? | 4) Rural to Urban - most migration in history has been rural to urban |
| What was E.G. Ravenstein's modified fifth law? | 5) Counter-migration - each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction |
| What was E.G. Ravenstein's modified sixth law? | 6) Youth – most migrants are young; it’s easier to move when you are not established in your career, family, or home Ages 20-45 are the most mobile |
| What was E.G. Ravenstein's modified seventh law? | 7) Gender Patterns – International migrants tend to be men |
| What was E.G. Ravenstein's modified eighth law? | 8) Economic factors - are the #1 cause of migration. |
| What is the model for step migration rural -> urban? | Farm -> small town -> larger town -> small city -> big city |
| In short, what are the first 4 clauses of E.G. Ravenstein's theories on migration? | Most migrants travel short distances and in step migration Migrants travel longer distances to go to urban areas Rural residents are more likely to migrate than urban residents Families are less likely to migrate across national borders |
| In short, what are the second 4 clauses of E.G. Ravenstein's theories on migration? | Every migration stream causes a counter stream females are more migratory domestically males are more migratory over long distances Urban areas grow more by migration than NIR Migration increases economic development |
| In short, what are the final 3 clauses of E.G. Ravenstein's theories on migration? | Migration is mostly due to economic factors Migration goes from agricultural regions to urban reasons Migration increases with advancements in technology and transportation |
| In the first stage of the DTM what are the migrational trends? | Highly daily or seasonal mobility in search of food. |
| In the second stage of the DTM what are the migrational trends? | High international emigration and interregional migration from rural to urban areas |
| In the third stage of the DTM what are the migrational trends? | High international immigration and intraregional migration from cities to suburbs |
| In the fourth stage of the DTM what are the migrational trends? | Same as stage 3 |
| What is counter-migration? | The return of migrants to the regions from which they earlier emigrated |
| What is critical distance? | The distance beyond which cost, effort, and/or means play a determining role in the willingness of people to travel |
| What is forced migration? | When a migrant has been compelled to move by political or environmental factors |
| What was the largest forced migration, that forced 12.5 million people away from their home country? | The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade |
| What is an internally displaced person? | A person forced to migrate for similar reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border |
| In 2017 how many refugees were counted by the UN? | 25.4 million |
| In 2017 how many IDPs were counted by the UN? | 40 million |
| In 2017 how many asylum seekers were counted by the UN? | 3.1 million |
| What is transhumance? | a form of nomadism, it is the movement of livestock among different locations and the subsequent following of the herd by livestock farmers; often involves a change in elevation |
| What is chain migration? | when people migrate to be with other people who migrated before them and with whom they feel a kinship link, whether it be family, religion, ethnicity, or some other type of connection |
| What is step migration? | migration that follows a path of a series of stages or steps towards a final destination; migrants often follow a rural to urban pattern |
| What are intervening obstacles? | An environmental or cultural element that prevents or hinders migration |
| What are intervening opportunities? | A cultural, economic, or political factor that causes a person to stop migrating to their original destination |
| What are guest workers? | Individuals that use government programs (largely in Europe) that allowed people from poorer countries to migrate temporarily to obtain jobs. They were protected by minimum-wage laws, labor union contracts, and other support programs. |
| What is assimilation? | The process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture (usually a dominant one) |
| What is acculturation? | The term used to describe the adoption of certain cultural and social characteristics of one society by another society; more of a hybrid culture |
| What is ethnocentrism? | Judging another culture by the standards of one’s own |
| What is remittance? | The transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated |
| What is Remitly? | emitly is a digital financial services company that offers low-cost cross-border money transfers. It is a digital remittance service that allows users to send money internationally through a mobile app or web interface at much cheaper rates. |
| What is xenophobia? | A strong dislike of people who practice another culture |
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