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Latin America
Study Guide Test #2 Latin America and the World MSU
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is special about Spanish last names? | Double first names are common, last names go father’s then mother’s surname, father’s name is passed generationally. |
| What was the original basis of last names? | Geography, occupation, patronymic, or nicknames/characteristics. |
| What lands were transferred to the US? | 1819 Florida sold to US (Spain), 1803 Louisiana sold to US (France), 1836 Texas won by US (Mexico), Gadsden Purchase, and Mexican-American War. |
| What is the Gadsden Purchase? | 1853-54, 30,000 sq miles for $10 million bought by the US for a southern route for a transcontinental railroad. |
| What countries made up the United Provinces of Central America and when did it separate from Mexico? | Separates from Mexico in 1821-23, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, and Costa Rica. |
| What is Gran Columbia? | The Republic of Colombia 1819-30, united Colombia (and Panama), Venezuela, Ecuador, splits in 1830 and Panama stays part of Colombia. |
| What were Brazilian politics and economy like in the 19th century? | Brazil's economy relied strongly on the export of raw materials, and its politics were mostly centered around powerful land owners in a 'democracy'. |
| What was the Juarez law of 1855? | Ends military and ecclesiastical fueros, establishing equality under law. |
| What was the Lafragua law of 1855? | Freedom of expression. |
| What was the Ledro law of 1856? | Ecclesiastical and civil institutions can’t own property not directly used in everyday operations; church can keep its churches, monasteries, and seminaries. |
| What was the Civil Marriage law of 1859? | Marriage is a civil contract; couples are officially married by state, not churches. |
| What other laws happened around the 1850's? | Freedom of worship and state registry. |
| What was the Big Stick Policy? | Roosevelt Corollary; US had the right not only to oppose European intervention in the western hemisphere but also intervene in domestic affairs of its neighbors if they proved unable to safeguard US property. |
| What was the Good Neighbor Policy? | US provides loans, military aid and equipment, and private investment to assist in nation building (result was often dictatorships and oppression). |
| What was the Monroe Doctrine? | A policy of non-colonization of the Americas; the US will eliminate problems “dangerous to our peace and security”. |
| What was the Platt Amendment? | Amendment to Cuba’s constitution; limits Cuba’s ability to negotiate treaties with non-US countries, gives US right to establish a naval base, and right to intervene in Cuba to protect its independence. |
| What was the Truman Doctrine (Doctrine of Containment)? | US policy to stop Soviet expansion during the Cold War, Truman pledged to contain communism in Europe and elsewhere, US economic and military support to any nation whose stability was threatened by communism or the USSR (now US is global police) |
| What happened during the Spanish-American War? | Cuban rebels controlled most of the country so US sends marines to protect American interests and when US battleship blows up they blame Spain and Spanish-American War begins, US wins and gains Guam, Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico. |
| What happened during the Mexican-American War? | Mexico loses half its territory to the US. |
| What is classical liberalism? | A branch of liberalism that advocates free market and laissez-faire economics; civil liberties under the rule of law with special emphasis on individual autonomy, limited government, economic freedom, political freedom and freedom of speech |
| What were the 19th century beliefs of 1st generation liberals? | They were not anticlerical, even the Mexican Constitution has God written throughout, just wanted to lessen churches power a tiny bit. |
| What were the 19th century beliefs of 2nd generation liberals? | They want to separate church and state, end fueros, seize church lands and properties, create civil registry, secular education, eliminate superstition and ritual, and allow freedom of religion. |
| How did the Catholic Church change post-independence of Mexico? | Its power is lessened and fallow lands are taken away, side with conservatives against liberals. |
| What French intervention occurred in Mexico? | During the War of the Reforma, conservatives bring Maximillian to power as an emperor of Mexico but liberals capture and behead him, liberals win the War of the Reforma. |
| What was la Reforma? | Anticlerical measures to secularize Mexican society. |
| What does "gobernar es poblar" mean? | To govern is to serve. |
| What were the policies of nationalists? | Expropriate large landholdings, benefitted industrialists, increase use of Marxist terminology, nationalize: telephone, telegraph, cement, tortilla, petroleum, etc. |
| Define Latin American nationalism. | A resentment of foreign intervention and foreign ownership of natural resources; pride in mestizos, mulattoes, or one’s indigenous and African roots. |
| What happened during the Mexican Revolution? | Armed regional conflicts in Mexico between liberal and conservative parties in fights for government power. |
| What is Marxism? | The political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, later developed by their followers to form the basis for the theory and practice of communism. |
| What is socialism? | A political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. |
| What were the beliefs of nationalists? | They rejected social Darwinism, promoted identities that glorified mestizos, blacks, and indigenous. |
| What was the Conquest of the Desert? | A land dispute for fertile lands that ended with extending Argentine territories into Patagonia and ended Chilean expansion in the region. |
| What was the 10 Years War? | An independence movement in Cuba for political and economical reasons that end colonialism and suppression of their liberties. |
| What was the Dirty War? | A military dictatorship in Argentina, brutal period from 1976-83, young people rounded up, tortured, and dumped over the oceans due to a belief they were Marxists. |
| Who were Populists? | A new brand of politician who catered to workers in cities, focused on votes of workers to win elections. |
| What did Populists stand for? | They promised improve the lives of working class and poor, build schools, hospitals, strengthen unions, increase wages; attracted followers through radio, newspapers, and television |
| What were Populist policies? | To nationalize railroads and other key industries, increase electoral participation, allow female suffrage, industrialize nation, and provide subsidies for essential foods and services. |
| What is Peronism? | The policies or principles advocated by the former Argentinian president Juan Perón, aims to mediate tensions between class of society (like managers and workers). |
| What was "Civilization and Barbarism"? | A book written by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento about European civilization vs Indian an mixed blood barbarism in rural areas. |
| Who were the Sandinistas? | A political party who took their name from Sandino, governed Nicaragua from 1979-90. |
| Who were Cientificos? | Technocrats, social Darwinists, elites who worked with Diaz as a council; racist, European educations and descent. |
| What was the Bay of Pigs? | CIA attempt to invade Cuba and kick Castro out of power. |
| What was the Cuban Missile Crisis? | Medium range missiles were sent to Cuba and had the US freaking out worrying about an attack and threats to bomb Cuba arose. |
| What happened for Afro-Cubans post Cuban Revolution? | It gets better for Afro-Cubans, Castro outlaws all forms of formal and institutional racism and launches reforms. |
| What is liberation theology? | The belief that the church should strive to help the poor, some adherents of the theology meet in Christian Based Communities to reflect on how major biblical episodes applied to their reality. |
| What was the Alliance for Progress? | JFK (1961) sought to establish economic cooperation between the US and Latin America and avert an expansion of communist influence in the region and improve its relations. |
| What was the International Monetary Fund? | A system that works to achieve sustainable growth and prosperity for all of its 190 member countries. In LA offered loan to encourage free-market economies. |
| Who were the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo? | “The disappeared”, mothers of children who were taken from them when they were detained and started a protest, military makes 3 of 14 mothers “disappear”. |
| What is social Darwinism? | A racial explanation to explain why some (whites) are successful and meant to be the lead and others (non-whites) are poor and meant to follow; some are more fit to survive, succeed, and govern than others. |
| What was the War of the Triple Alliance? | Also known as the Paraguayan War (1865-70), Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay against Paraguay. It was the deadliest inter-state war in LA history, Paraguay loses territory and lives. |
| What happened during the War of the Pacific? | War between Bolivia, Peru, and Chile for access to the Pacific, Bolivia loses its 250 miles of coast. |
| What is Manifest Destiny? | An essay called annexation by O’Sullivan, claims US control of the west is part of God’s plan. |
| What is muralism? | Huge wall paintings depicting beautiful scenes of indigenous, vilified the colonialism. |
| What was the Chaco War? | Paraguay and Bolivia go to war over border disputes of land that’s thought to be rich in oil, Paraguay wins an doubles its size. |
| What is Bunge's Hierarchy? | Indians (passive and fatalistic), negros (incapable of intellectual leadership, suited to serve), mulattoes (impulsive, degenerate, devils, tricksters), mestizos (brutal), and whites (only ones worthy of emulation). |
| What were the general reasons for civil wars? | Grinding poverty, attempts to end military dictatorships, LA elites seen as disinterested in real change or true democracy, and ideological currents such as Marxism and socialism inspire some revolutionaries. |
| What are the population and density of Nicaragua's capital city, Managua? | 7 million people, largest country with the least densely populated areas. |
| What are the population and density of El Salvador's capital city, San Salvador? | 6.5 million, smallest country with the most densely populated areas. |
| What is the FMLN? | Farabundo Marti Liberation Front, an umbrella organization of guerilla movements against Salvadoran oligarchy, formed in 1980, launched major offensive in 1989, 1992 peace accords and becomes political party. |
| What are the population and density of Guatemala's capital city, Guatemala City? | 17.6 million, the most densely populated country. |
| What was the Decree 900? | It redistributed unused lands greater than 224 acres to peasants, 234,000 acres were expropriated from the United Fruit Company for $627, 572 in bonds. |
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