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AP HUG Chapter 11
STUDY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acid Deposition | Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted by burning fossil fuels that enter the atmosphere – where they combine with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid – and then return to Earth |
| Acid Precipitation | Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog |
| Active Solar Energy | solar radiation captured by photovoltaic cells that convert light energy to electrical energy |
| Air Pollution | Concentrations of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air |
| Animate Power | power supplied by animals or people |
| Biomass Fuel | fuel derived from wood, plant material, or animal waste |
| Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) | The amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution |
| Break-of-Bulk Point | A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another |
| Bulk-Gaining Industry | An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs |
| Bulk-Reducing Industry | An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs |
| Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) | A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers |
| Consumptive Water Usage | the use of water that evaporates rather than being returned to nature as a liquid |
| Cottage Industry | Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, commonly found prior to the Industrial Revolution |
| Fission | the splitting of7 an atomic nucleus to release energy |
| Fordist Production | A form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly |
| Fossil Fuel | an energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago |
| Fusion | creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium |
| Geothermal Energy | energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks |
| Greenhouse Effect | The anticipated increase in Earth’s temperature caused by carbon dioxide (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface |
| Just-In-Time Delivery | Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed |
| Labor-Intensive Industry | A industry for which labor costs comprise a higher percentage of total expenses |
| Maquiladora | A factory built by a U.S. company in Mexico near the U.S. border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico |
| New International Division of Labor | Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low- paid, less-skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries |
| Nonconsumptive Water Usage | the use of water that is returned to nature as a liquid |
| Nonpoint-Source Pollution | Pollution that originates from a large, diffuse area |
| Nonrenewable Energy | a source of energy that has a finite supply capable of being exhausted |
| Outsourcing | A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility of production to independent suppliers |
| Ozone | A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation, found in the stratosphere, a zone 9 to 30 miles above the Earth’s surface |
| Passive Solar Energy Systems | solar energy systems that collect energy without the use of mechanical devices |
| Photochemical Smog | An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions |
| Point-Source Pollution | Pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source |
| Pollution | concentration of waste added to air, water, or land at greater level than occurs in average air, water, or land |
| Post-Fordist Production | Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks |
| Potential Reserve | the amount of a resource in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist |
| Proven Reserve | the amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits |
| Recycling | the separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of unwanted material |
| Remanufacturing | the rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired, and new parts. |
| Renewable Energy | a resource with theoretical unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by people |
| Right-to-Work Law | A U.S. law that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment |
| Sanitary Landfill | A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin |
| Site Factors | Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant, such as land, labor, and capital |
| Situation Factors | Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory |
| Vertical Integration | An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process |
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