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A&P Final Chp 1-12
A&P Final Chp 1-12 Unit 1-2
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Which of the following is not one of the basic components in a feedback control loop? Effector mechanism Transmitter Sensor Integrating center | Transmitter |
Intrinsic control: usually involves the endocrine or nervous system. operates at the cellular level. is sometimes called autoregulation. operates at the system or organism level. | is sometimes called autoregulation. |
Epidemiology is the study of the _____ of diseases in human populations. occurrence distribution transmission All of the above are correct. | all of them |
Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of life? Digestion Balance Conductivity Circulation Reproduction | Balance |
A surgeon removing a gallbladder should know to find it in the _____ region. right lumbar right hypochondriac hypogastric umbilical | umbilical |
the knee is ________ to the foot. | proximal |
The ________ system is involved in immunity. | Lymphatic *Immune system isn't an option |
Medullary vs. Cortical | medullary is inside and cortical is outside |
How do you remember the difference between afferent and efferent? | Afferent Arrives, Efferent Exits |
Extrinsic control usually involves which mode of regulation? nervous endocrine integration Both A and B are correct. | Both A and B |
Which of the following is a basic component of every feedback control loop? sensor mechanism integrating center effector feedback All of these are components of a feedback control loop. | All are components |
Because negative feedback control systems oppose changes that are opposite in direction to the initial disturbance, they are slowed or maintained in the homeostatic range. excitatory. passive. stimulatory. | passive |
The impact of effector activity on sensors may be positive or negative. Therefore, homeostatic control mechanisms are categorized as neutral feedback systems. organs that are directly influenced by physiological variables or mechanisms. active or | organs that are directly influenced by physiological variables or mechanisms. |
Local control or _____, intrinsic mechanisms often make use of chemical signals. structural developmental autoregulation autonomous | autoregulation |
The most abundant element essential to life is | carbon. |
An atom can be described as chemically inert if its outermost electron shell contains _____ electrons. Correct Answer eight nine two Both A and C are correct. | eight *octet rule |
The elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up which percentage of the human body? 50% 69% 78% 96% | 96% |
The reaction between hydrogen and oxygen needed to form water is an example of a: hydrogen bond. synthesis reaction. decomposition reaction. None of the above is correct. | synthesis reaction |
Which bases are purines? | A and G |
Which DNA bases form 3 bonds? | A/T and A/U |
(Stupid Question with wrong answer) When two amino acids are joined, a peptide bond is formed and an H+ ion is released. T or F | True Actual answer is false cause actually water is released |
A triglyceride is composed of a glycerol molecule and three of the same type of fatty acid. T or F | False Tails don't need to be the same one |
Chaperone proteins assist in the proper folding of other proteins so they can have the correct functional shape. T/F | T |
Which type of lipid is referred to as a tissue hormone? | Prostaglandin 20 carbon fatty acid with a 5-carbon ring |
Which of the following is not true of both triglycerides and phospholipids? They both contain glycerol. They both contain fatty acids. They both contain a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end. All of the above are true of both triglycerides and ph | They both contain a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end *Triglycerides are hydrophobic molecules because of their tails |
The amino group in an amino acid is: NH3+. COO–. symbolized by the letter R. SO2. | NH3+ |
A _____ is a functional group that is temporarily unattached and is highly reactive because of unpaired electrons. hydroxyl phosphate amine group free radical | Free Radical |
Which lipid is part of vitamin D? Glycerol Steroids Prostaglandins Fatty acids | Steroids |
When two molecules of glucose are joined, they form which disaccharide? Sucrose Maltose Lactose Fructos | maltose |
Peptide bonds join together molecules of glycerol. glucose. amino acids. water. | amino acids. |
Which energy-releasing or energy-transferring molecule does not contain a nucleotide? FAD Creatine phosphate NAD ATP | Creatine phosphate |
The element that is present in all proteins but not in carbohydrates is: carbon. hydrogen. oxygen. nitrogen. | nitrogen |
The type of lipoprotein associated with “bad” cholesterol and the production of atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels is: HDL. LDL. VHDL. none of the above. | LDL |
Prostaglandins and steroids share which of the following characteristics? Both are found in the cell membrane. Both have a ring structure in their molecule. Both have a saturated fat in their structure. None of the above are shared | Both have a ring structure in their molecule. |
What are the three forms of hydrogen? | protium, deuterium, tritium |
The most abundant and important compound(s) in the body is(are): air. water. proteins. nucleic acids. | water. |
Male and female water percentage of body weight? | 60% for male and 50% for female *different body fat ratio |
Name 2 trace elements of the body | Zinc and Iron |
The approximate pH of gastric fluid is: 2 or 4 | 2 |
Which of the following statements about integral proteins in the plasma membrane is false? They determine which molecules are transported through the membrane. Some attach to the glycocalyx. Most extend all the way through the membrane. T | They are more abundant by volume than the membrane phospholipids. |
Centriole vs. Centrosome | Centrosome is composed of two centrioles It acts as microtubule-organizing center of the cell Centrioles assist in forming/organizing microtubules |
Which organelles is nonmembranous? | Ribosome |
During which stage of mitosis do the centrioles move to the opposite poles of the cell? Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase | Prophase |
What are proteasome? | Destroys misfolded/abnormal proteins manufactured by the cell. Aka quality control for protein synthesis |
Microvilli vs. Cilia vs. Flagella | MV: fingerlike extension increases cell's absorptive surface area CL: moves substances over the cell surface/detect changes FG: propels sperm cells . Not an extension of the cell wall |
Which cell extension lacks a central pair of microtubules, is not found in blood cells, and functions in the kidney to monitor urine flow? Microvilli Primary cilium Cilia Flagella | Primary cilium |
What are caveolae? | Indentation of the plasma membrane Functions in endocytosis |
Desmosomes vs. Gap Junction vs. Tight Junctions | De: binds to adjacent cells like velcro Gj: allow for intercellular communication TJ: Impermeable junction |
What are the 6 types of passive transport? | Simple diffusion, osmosis, channel-mediated passive transport, carrier-mediated passive transport, filtration, dailysis . |
The physical process by which water and solute move through a membrane when a hydrostatic pressure gradient exists across the membrane is the process of: dialysis. osmosis. diffusion. filtration. | Filtration |
What is the role of enzymes? | They act act catalysts and lower the activation energy of a reaction. |
Cofactor vs. coenzymes | both are part of enzymes. Cofactor is inorganic. Coenzyme is organic |
A molecule or other agent that alters enzyme function by changing its shape is called a(n) substrate. end product inhibition. allosteric effector. proenzyme. | Allosteric effector |
In the electron transport system, the final electron acceptor is carbon dioxide. water. oxygen. hydrogen ions. | oxygen |
Which lipid is part of vitamin D? Glycerol Steroids Prostaglandins Fatty acids | Steroids |
Cilia and flagella are both composed of: microfilaments intermediate filaments microtubules | microtubules |
During transcription which are removed before the final product of mRNA? Introns or Exons | introns |
What are chaperone molecules? | Helps polypeptides fold into large protein molecules. |
What is the difference between apocrine glands, holocrine glands, and merocrine glands. | Apocrine: pinches off. Mammary glands Holocrine: dies to secrete. Sebaceous gland Merocrine: just secretes directly through membrane |
Parietal Pleura vs. Visceral Pleura | Parietal is outer and visceral is closer |
What is the pericardium? | The membrane enclosing the heart. |
4 layers of the heart from outermost to innermost | pericardium, epicardium, myocardium , endocardium |
Do epithelial tissues excrete or secerte? | Secrete |
What is hair papilla? | Cluster of capillaries under germinal matrix. |
Besides water, extracellular matrix contains proteins and lipids. lipids and carbohydrates. carbohydrates and proteoglycans. proteins and proteoglycans. | proteins and proteoglycans. |
The hair papilla consists of _____ tissue. epidermal dermal hypodermal fibrous connective | dermal |
Which skin layer is called the barrier area? Stratum lucidum Stratum basale Stratum granulosum Stratum corneum | Stratum corneum |
In which skin layer does the process of keratinization begin? Stratum basale Stratum corneum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum | Stratum granulosum |
Which of the following vitamins is(are) absorbed through the skin? Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin K All of the above | all of the above |
Which of the following is not a proteoglycan found in the matrix of connective tissue? Glucosamine Collagen Hyaluronic acid All of the above are proteoglycans. | Collagen |
White fat vs brown fat | insulation vs heat generation |
Areolar tissue usually contains which types of cells in the greatest number? Macrophages Fibroblasts Mast cells Phagocytes | fibroblasts |
What is myeloid tissue? | Red bone marrow |
What is acetabulum? | socket of hip bone |
Which statement below is correct regarding fontanelles? spongy bone tissue fibrous membrane a thin bony plate a ligament | fibrous membrane |
A condition that is caused by an abnormally increased roundness in the thoracic curvature is kyphosis. scoliosis. Scheuermann disease. lordosis. | kyphosis |
_____ fibers are present in all three types of cartilage, but they are most numerous in fibrocartilage. Collagenous Microtubules Perichondrium Elastin | Collagenous |
Why is cartilage slow to heal. Because it eventually turns into bone Because it is semi-solid and flexible Because has a no or a limited blood supply Because cartilage calcifies at a slow rate Both A & D Both B & C | Both B & C |
Select the answer that best describes the axial skeletal structure. Supports and protects organs B) Provides framework for muscles that adjust positions of neck , head, and trunk C) Provides framework for muscles that perform respiratory mov | Provides framework for muscles that anchor and stabilize the appendicular bones |
The humerus articulates proximally with the clavicle. TF | F |
An open fracture is also known as a compound fracture. TF | T |
When the knee is flexed, the patella can be easily distinguished. TF | F |
If the cribriform plate is damaged, there is a chance of: infectious materials passing from the ear to the brain. food passing from the mouth into the nose. difficulty chewing. infectious materials passing from the nose to the brain. | infectious materials passing from the nose to the brain. |
Before childbirth, the symphysis pubis softens. TF | T |
Appositional growth of cartilage occurs when chondrocytes begin to divide and secrete additional calcium. additional matrix. less calcium. less matrix. | additional matrix. |
During childbirth, a baby passes through an imaginary plane called the: pelvic outlet. symphysis pubis. pelvic brim. ilium. | pelvic outlet. |
Young children’s bones have a greater risk of fracturing because of incompletely ossified bone. TF | F |
The cell organelles that synthesize organic matrix substances in bone formation are: mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. ribosomes and Golgi apparatus. endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes. endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. | endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. |
Some synovial joints contain a closed pillow-like structure called a(n) meniscus. ligament. bursa. articular cartilage. | bursa |
Repeated stimulation of muscle in time lessens its excitability and contractibility and may result in tetanus. summation. twitch contraction. fatigue. | fatigue |
A contraction in which muscle length remains the same but muscle tension increases is called an isometric contraction. isotonic contraction. isokinetic contraction. isometric contraction and an isotonic contraction. | isometric |
According to the sliding filament theory actin moves past myosin. tropomyosin moves past actin. troponin moves past myosin. | actin moves past myosin. |
The more muscle fibers contracting at the same time, the stronger the contraction of the entire muscle. The number of muscle fibers contracting depends on how many motor units are conducted. inactivated. recruited. retained. | recruited |
Which type of movement occurs between the carpal and tarsal bones and between the articular facets of adjoining spinal vertebrae? gliding rotation circumduction protraction | gliding |
Attempting to pick up an object too heavy to lift would result in which type of muscle contraction? Isotonic Flaccid Treppe Isometric | Isometric |
White fibers are also called _____ fibers. fast slow elongated intermediate | fast |
In the structure called a triad, the T-tubule is sandwiched between: actin filaments. myofibrils. sarcolemmas. sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum. | sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
The substance that attracts oxygen in the myoglobin molecule is: hemoglobin. calcium. iron. ATP. | iron |
Which of the following statements is incorrect about motor units? Some motor neurons stimulate only a few dozen muscle fibers. Some motor neurons stimulate a few thousand muscle fibers. The more muscle fibers stimulated by a motor neuron, the mor | The more muscle fibers stimulated by a motor neuron, the more precise the movements of that muscle can be. |
Which of the following proteins found in myofilaments contains the cross-bridges? Myosin Actin Tropomyosin Troponin | Myosin |
All of the following are characteristics of smooth muscle except: there are no striations. there are no T-tubules. thin and thick filaments are aligned in sarcomeres like skeletal muscles. the sarcoplasmic reticula are loosely organized. | thin and thick filaments are aligned in sarcomeres like skeletal muscles. |
During which phase of the twitch contraction is there a triggering of the release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm? Latent period Contraction phase Relaxation phase None of the above | Latent period |
All of the following are noninflammatory joint disorders except dislocation. juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. osteoarthritis. All of the above are noninflammatory joint disorders. : | juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. |