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World History 2
Final- Jensen TMU
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the Cold War (c. Potsdam conference 07/45 to Soviet collapse 12/91 | 1945-1991 |
| The US sponsored Marshall Plan announced (in effect 1948-1951) | 1947 |
| The Korean War | 1950-1953 |
| Main US involvement in Vietnam | 1964-1975 |
| November- the "fall' of the Berlin Wall (originally built in 1961) | 1989 |
| Détente | a French word meaning a relaxation of tensions or strained relations |
| Domino Theory | theory in US foreign policy after WWII stating that the "fall" of a state to communism would precipitate the fall of governments in neighboring states as a row of dominoes: one falls, others fall |
| Glasnost | greater openness |
| Perestroika | restructuring |
| SALT | Strategic Arms Limitation Talks; agreements between the US and the USSR aimed at limiting production or deployment of nuclear weapons |
| Watergate | a building in Washington DC; scene of a bungled bugging attempt during the 1972 election campaign |
| United Nations | contains the UN Security Council (5 permanent members with Veto rights) |
| buffer zone | after WWII, the liberating soviets (red army) supported the establishment of communist regimes -Eastern Europe was to be the "buffer zone" |
| Cold War | a state of existing tension between the US and the Soviet Union termed "cold" because it falls short of a shooting war directly between the US and USSR |
| Cold War aspects | bipolar alliance system developed becomes a conflict through proxy |
| Germany divided | after WWII, Germany was carved into 4 occupation zones by the victorious allies Berlin was located inside the Soviet zone (also divided into 4 sectors |
| Winston Churchill | gives Iron Curtain speech- "an iron curtain has descended across the continent" |
| Truman Doctrine | Truman announces what becomes known as the Truman Doctrine- does not apply to Eastern European Nations that have already fallen |
| Foreign assistance act announced | aka The Marshall Plan proved to be highly successful |
| Containment | became the core of US policy towards the Soviet Union |
| Berlin Blockade and Berlin Airlift | Stalin closes surface access leading to West Berlin Answer: an airlift |
| NATO (north Atlantic treaty organization) | an alliance that regards an attack against one as an attack on all |
| Cold War arms race | a policy termed MAD: mutual assured destruction -this dominates |
| China Communists | civil war raged between Communists (Mao Tse-tung) and Nationalists (Chiang Kai-Shek)-- Communists win Chiang was defeated and withdrew his forces to the island of Formosa (Taiwan) |
| Senator Joseph McCarthy | ignites a "red scare"; he claims to have a list of communists employed by the state department |
| the Korean War | in a surprise attack, communist North Korea attacked non-communist South Korea and pushed far south Chinese troops entered the war on the NK side fighting stabilized and an armistice was signed |
| Warsaw Pact | treaty of mutual defense and military aid; represents the USSR's formalized military alliance |
| Nikita Khrushchev (USSR) | openly denounces Stalin |
| Sputnik | worlds first manmade satellite launched into orbit by USSR |
| Yuri Gagarin | russian; first man launched into space (orbit) |
| Berlin Wall is started | will encircle West Berlin- designed to stop defections to West Berlin |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | US Intelligence detects offensive nuclear missile sites in Cuba JFK wants missiles/bases removed and imposes a strict quarantine (blockade) of materials to Cuba Khrushchev ordered the Soviet ships to turn back |
| Congress passes Tonkin Gulf restoration | allowed US President Johnson "escalation" |
| President Nixon | surprise visit to China in 1972 |
| Iran Hostage Crisis | Iranians seized US embassy in Tehran taking 66 US citizens hostage |
| Soviet invasion of Afghanistan | Afghan guerrillas (Mujahidin) with US arms waged jihad against troops armed/supported by the US |
| France colonial domination in Indo-China | laos, vietnam, cambodia France defeated at Dien bien Phu |
| Communist Vietnam | Ho Chi Minh controlled communist North Vietnam based in Hanoi US supported a non-communist South Vietnam based in Saigon |
| Vietnamese War | began when communists in South Vietnam rebelled against the South Vietnam government |
| Viet Cong | communist guerrilla group operating in South Vietnam |
| Containment | applied to Vietnam (domino theory) |
| Tonkin Gulf Resolution | made it the era of "escalation" |
| North Vietnam | supported by China and the Soviet Union |
| The TET offensive | Viet Cong and North Vietnam forces seized urban areas in South Vietnam |
| Cease-fire agreement | US signs a cease-fire agreement (troops to be removed in 60 days) |
| Saigon | falls to communist forces (renamed Ho Chi Minh city) |
| Ronald Reagan elected president | to achieve favorable weapons agreements, the US had to be in a position of negotiating from strength |
| Reagan offers the "zero option" to the Soviets | the US would not proceed with the deployment of missiles in Europe |
| Reagan announces SDI | (Strategic Defense Initiative) defensive missile "shield" Soviets take SDI very seriously |
| intermediate range nuclear weapons | NATO/Reagan administration deployed nuclear weapons in Europe |
| Chernobyl accident | a nuclear power station near Kiev (Ukraine) exploded and burned |
| INF treaty | intermediate nuclear forces first arms-control treaty to abolish an entire category of weapon systems the soviets essentially accept the "zero option" |
| End of the Cold War | Hungary dismantled its border with Austria- soviets do not stop it East Germans celebrate when they can ignore (then dismantle) the Berlin Wall |
| Fall of the Soviet Union | soviet Union disbanded |
| May-modern Israel becomes a Nation | 1948 |
| October- Mao Tse Tung proclaims People's Republic of China | 1949 |
| US Supreme Court decides Brown vs. Board of Education | 1954 |
| June- Tiananmen Square demonstrations in China | 1989 |
| Treaty of European Union takes effect (Maastricht) | 1993 |
| 1994 Rwowandan Genocide | ethnic groups Tutsi and Hutu |
| Decolonization | gradual dismantling of imperialism |
| Nelson Mandela | South African statesmen and president |
| State of Israel Proclaimed | US recognized the legitimacy of Israel |
| Six Day War | Israeli pre-emotive air strikes destroyed Egyptian Air Force Israel gained control of valuable territory |
| Black September | title of a Palestinian terrorist organization responsible for "Munich" summer olympics in Munich, 11 Israelis were killed |
| Yom Kippur War | began on the Day of Atonement |
| Camp David Accords | Arab-Israeli reconciliation; treaty between Egypt and Israel |
| Iranian Revolution | riots in Iran, return of Ayatollah Khomeini and establishment of an Islamic Republic Iranians seized the US embassy in Tehran taking 66 US citizens hostage |
| Persian Gulf War | action by US-led coalition to expel Iraqi forces occupying Kuwait |
| European Union | EU embraces over 25 countries the EU may represent the World's largest economy |
| Margaret Thatcher | the Iron Lady, known for her determination (UK Prime Minister) |
| French Republic | pursued greatness |
| Italy | political instability |
| West Germany | recovered through economic "miracles" economic recovery of West Germany was rapid, resulted in Europe's strongest post-war economy |
| GB partitions ireland | Northern Ireland (aka Uster) remains part of the UK Ireland (Republic of Ireland) independent South section of Ireland |
| The Troubles | standoff led to the troubles Irish Republican Army (IRA) a group with factions |
| Good Friday peace accords | Republic of Ireland agreed to abstain from its goal of unification |
| Jim Crow | segregation laws govern most of African-American existence (White/colored only) |
| Brown vs. Board of Education | unanimous US Supreme Court decision rejects "separate but equal" |
| Rosa Parks Arrested | montgomery bus boycott rosa parks refuses to give up her seat in the "whites Only" section of the bus propels Martin Luther King Jr. (MLK) into leadership for racial equality US Supreme Court rules bus segregation is illegal |
| Little Rock, Arkansas | Little Rock school crisis (school desegregation) |
| Woolworth's lunch counter sit down | led to sit-ins throughout the South four African-american students want coffee and donuts at the "White" section of a lunch counter Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) |
| Birmingham, AL Campaign | in prison, MLK authors the forceful "letter from Birmingham jail" with its Funtown reference |
| March on Washington DC | MLK addresses peaceful marchers at Lincoln Memorial King delivers his "I have a dream" speech |
| Freedom summer | attempt to increase voter registration of African-Americans throughout the South |
| MLK assasinated | shot standing on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, TN |
| Great Leap Forward (five year plan) | china- the result was death |
| Cultural revolution | dispute over the future of Chinese Socialism |
| Tiananmen Square Massacre in Bejing | government troops slaughter thousands of demonstrators |
| Japan | embarked on rapid industrial development-became an economic superpower |
| South Africa | post-war: blacks under apartheid (strict system of racial segregation) |
| Cottage Industry | "Domestic System"the first/main cottage industry textiles |
| Deists | essentially established their own religion with "rational" ethics as its core |
| Salons | evening receptions for discussion |
| English ruler Elizabeth I | promoted religious peace by the Elizabethan settlement |
| Defeat of the Spanish Armada | Phillip II regarded military action against England as a holy crusade (against "heretical/illegitimate" queen) Elizabeth's speech at Tillbury-"over my dead body"- rallies forces |
| Edict of Nantes | granted religious toleration/freediom for Huguenots |
| Dutch global trading network | Dutch trading empire (East and West Indies) West Indies Caribbean East Indies Indonesia |
| Francis Bacon | inductive reasoning |
| Cardinal Richelieu | Richelieu's principle: "Raison d'état" of reason of state" which supersedes any moral violations |
| Rene Descartes | deductive reasoning |
| Victorious force of the English Civil War | Oliver Cromwell (Puritan leader of Parliamentary forces) and the New Model Army |
| Atlantic Slave Trade | European powers all vied (competed) for control of the slave trade voyage across the Atlantic was termed the "Middle Passage" |
| Restoration of monarch in England | King Charles II was invited back to restore the English throne after an exile in France |
| mazarin defeated the nobles | Richelieu and Mazarin consolidated power in the king's hands. at the expense of the nobility |
| Mercantilism | goal: increase national wealth state regulation of industry/commerce was necessary believed in a finite amount of world wealth increase precious metals (bullions) with in a country encouraged colonialism |
| Louis XIV | known as the "Sun King" |
| Louis' palace | versailles |
| Louis XIV's errors | absolutism- the misery of the 95% decline in living standards and increase in mortality rates |
| Isaac Newton | a scientific genius - Optics and physics the universe was an open system |
| Glorious revolution of England | acknowledged the supremacy of parliament grant William II and MaryII the crown |
| Enlightenment | "age of reason" criticized monarchial/clerical absolutism |
| John Locke | a clean slate or tabula rasa (no original sin or ideas) |
| Voltaire | father of the enlightenment |
| Adam Smith | laissez faire (to let do) his thoughts represent the essence of capitalism |
| The Seven years' war | fought in North America, Europe, and India |
| consequence of Seven years' war | drained the British treasury |
| immediate cause of the French Revolution | practical bankruptcy of the state |
| underlying causes of the French Revolution | inefficient and unjust tax system philosophical ideas about the rights of man |
| Albert Einstein | special theory of relativity revolutionized physics |
| the French Revolution | "liberty, equality, fraternity"Roughly a ten year period split into 3 phases (moderate, radical, and conservative) reigning monarchs: King Louis XVI and Marie Antoninette |
| Riots in Paris | Paris mob stormed the Bastille (prison) |
| factions in the National Convention (Jacobins v. Girondins) | Jacobins more willing the listen to the economic and political demands of the sand-culottes Jacobins gained control of the government |
| French Navy defeated | defeated by Great British Admiral Nelson at Trafalgar napoleons aim to invade GB was thwarted |
| Napoleon defeated at Waterloo | British Duke of Wellington defeat Napoleon |
| Industrial Revolution | refers to the shift from an agrarian economy to machine manufacturing |
| effect on urbanization | industrialization accelerated urbanization |
| G. W. F. Hegel | advocated the Dialectic: Thesis-Antithesis-Synthesis all reasoning (ideas) proceeds from a concept, to another contradictory concept, which gives way to a third concept that transcends and synthesizes both earlier concepts |
| Socialism | the means of production are owned not by private individuals, but by the community |
| Many forms of socialism | exist in theory and in practice all communists are socialists, but not all socialists are communists |
| Marxism | school of scholasticism based on the writings of Karl Marx Communist Manifesto published by Marx called for a working-class revolution to overthrow the capitalist system quote- "Workingmen of all countries, unite!" |
| display of western technology | forced Japan to accept a treaty |
| Franco-Prussian war | French forces decisively defeated |
| Age of Western Imperialism | by 1914 most of the world was under western control/influence |
| 19th Century Russia different compared to Western Europe | lacked a warm water port (no direct access to the mediterranean) for trade/cultural experience |
| Boxer Rebellion | anti- Western uprising in China |
| welfare state | state that takes responsibility for the health/subsistence of its citizens (GB is example) |
| Germany became too strong | European balance of power was upset |
| Austria as the cause for WWI (nationalism) | Conflict between Austria and the kingdom of Serbia- both nations despised eachother (Austria aka Austria-Hungary"The Dual Monarchy" are used interchangeably) |
| Triple Entente (later the allies) | Russia, France, Britain |
| Central Powers | Germany, Austria-Hungary (Austria), Turkey (Ottoman Empire) |
| WWI was total war | the entire society is mobilized for the war effort |
| trench warfare | characterized several fronts, but especially the crucial Western Front in France |
| Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (USW) | Germany pursues a bold policy, the U-boat policy of USW proves to be the key point for Us intervention |
| Zimmerman note | proposes that Mexico should ally with Germany, it is published in the US newspapers and inflames the public opinion |
| Bolshevik revolution | Vladimir Lenin and the Communists take power in Russia |
| Wilson's Tumultuous Reception | he made serious errors, failed to include even one Republican senator in his delegation, neglected the majority opposition party (Republicans) |
| Paris peace talks | the victorious powers ( big 4: Italy, GB, France, US) met at the palace in Versailles, Wilson's idealism was not shared by the others |
| Treaty of Versailles presented to Germany | until Germany accepted the treaty, a blockade (including food) continued |
| Armenian Genocide | Turkish Government ordered the deportation of c. 1.8 M Armenians to Syria/Mesopotamia (exile) in the forced exodus Armenians died of starvation or were killed by Turkish soldiers/police |
| Soviet | began as a workers and/or soldiers' council |
| Vatican City | an independent state |
| Versailles Settlement | redrew the map of Europe |
| Mohandas Ghandi | opposed British rule in India |
| Vladimir Lenin's comrades | altered Marxism to Russian conditions Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin |
| red army | created under Trotsky's leadership |
| Russian Civil War (RCW) | "reds" vs. Non-communist "whites" Czar Nicholas and his family were murdered Trotsky's red army won |
| Joseph Stalin (man of steel) | undisputed leader of the Soviet Union; |
| Stalin's dealing with issues | was paranoid about threats.... purged many party members |
| cause of depression | (the crash alone didn't cause the depression) lack of industrial diversification an overexpansion of credit |
| results of Great Depression | manufacturers/merchants REDUCE prices; American farmers were hurt significantly by foreclosure and drought |
| FDR and the New Deal | FDR pledged a "New Deal" for the American people |
| drought | affected the Great Plains |
| Fireside chats | FDR would use radio |
| "hundred days" | FDR summons Congress into special session |
| effect of the Great Depression of Japan | strengthened militarist groups |
| the New Deal results | failed to cure the depression |
| cure for the Great Depression | heavy defense related spending connected to WWII |
| Facism | ultra-nationalistic and anti-communist ideology the state runs the economy under facism private property is not abolished- the state does not own all property |
| Adolf Hitler's Background | born in Austria, rejected by the Vienna Academy of the Arts |
| first Fascist state | mussolini made Italy the first Fascist state |
| Enabling act | the act permitted the Chancellor to enact Legislation (laws) independently of the Reichstag (Hitler is thus dictator) |
| Spanish Civil War | "dress rehearsal" for further conflict Soviet Union supports the loyalist Spanish regime |
| Germany attacks Poland | Germany launches the Blitzkrieg (lightning war) at dawn |
| the Manhattan project | a top secret atomic program (many refugee scientists assist America with its atomic weapons preparations program) |
| the Phony war (sitzkrieg) | Germany pauses; they relocate from their victorious eastern position to the western area |
| Germany attacks France | Germany cuts through the "impenetrable" Ardennes Forest out-flanked the FR Maginot defense line Italy declares war on FR and invades from the south |
| Miracle of Dunkirk | evacuation of BR/FR troops pinned down in France Germany had a" Panzer pause" |
| siege of Leningrad | Leningrad's civilians starve |
| Japan attacks Pearl Harbor | Japan pulls off a surprise attack using carrier-bourne aircraft (carrier radio silence) Germany declares war on the US |
| Bataan death March | US surrenders the Philippine Islands |
| D-Day | the invasion of Normandy (France) the allies, under General Eisenhower, launch Operation Overlord |
| Fire-bombing of Tokyo | US B-29 bombers using napalm (incendiary jelly) and other incendiaries |
| Battle of Okinawa | kamikaze attacks- bloody campaign |
| The holocaust definition | systematic state sponsored extermination of "undesirables" by the Nazis and collaborators -in total, c. 6 million jews and c. 6 million others (figures estimated /vary by source) became victims |
| Nazi policy transition | moved from persecution, to ghettoization, to liquidation, to factory-like annihilation |
| Warsaw Ghetto uprising | jews mounted a resistance |
| church and state | authority servant punish praise good taxes worship evangelism edify service |
Created by:
Gracie Cook
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