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Module 12 Lesson 4
North and West African Civilizations
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is one feature of the Songhai empire that led to their collapse? | They lacked modern weapons. In 1591, a Moroccan clan defeated Songhai troops with guns and canons while the Songhai only had spears and swords. |
| What started centuries of European interference in Africa, seize of power, and chain of enslavement? | Portuguese trading ships traded with Benin traders at Gwatto. They sold pepper, leopard skins, ivory, and slaves. |
| How did Moroccan Abd Allah Ibn Yasin found the strict religious brotherhood called the Almoravids? | The Berbers made a hajj to Mecca from the western Sahara to present-day Mauritania. On the way home, the persuaded the Muslim scholar to join the journey and teach them Islam. |
| Why did the Almohads dislike the Almoravids? | They followed the teachings of Ibn Tumart and criticized the Almoravid rulers for moving away from the traditional practice of Islam. He wanted his followers to only obey the teachings of the Qur'an and Islamic law. |
| How did trade prosper in 500 BC? | The introduction to camels; berbers began to use camels as pack animals, as they could plod steadily for around 60 miles a day and could travel without water. This allowed nomads to blaze new routes across the desert. |
| How was gold-salt trade important to the Sahara? | Gold came from a forest region between Niger and Senegal, and the Sahara contained a great amount of salt. 2/3 of the world's gold came from Africa and some taxes were collected in forms of salt. Salt was traded by Arabs and Berbers for cloth and food. |
| How was gold utilized by the people of Ghana? | Gold nuggets and slabs of salt were collected as taxes. Only the king could have nuggets, but gold dust was commonly traded. The price of gold declined quickly. |
| Who made up the administrative and laborer classes of Ghana? | The king and his helpers made up the administrative class. Jobs consisted of miners, agricultural laborers, metalworkers, and leather crafters. Craftsmen like blacksmiths and leather workers were sometimes supported by the king's court. |
| How did the people of sub-Saharan regions display an acceptance of Islam and Animism? | Islam spread to Ghana through conquests and trade. By the end of the 11th century, Muslim advisers were helping the king rule after the rulers converted to Islam. Many people clung to their animistic beliefs, but still took part in Islam events. |
| How did Sundiata positively affect Mali? | He took over Ghana and the trade cities of Koumbi Sale and Walata through military victories. Peace and prosperity followed. He elected able administrators for Mali's finances, defense, and foreign affairs. He promoted gold-salt trade again through Niani. |
| What was Mansa Musa's creation of a new mosque in Timbuktu and Gao significant for the future of Mali? | Timbuktu attracted Muslim judges, doctors, religious figures, and scholars from all around. They attended Timbuktu's amazing mosques and universities. these intellectual centers allowed Islam to integrate into the society of Mali, which would endure. |
| How did Sunni Ali expand his empire? | Military conquest and discipline; Ali created a professional army that had a fleet of war canoes and a mobile fighting force on horseback. In 1486, Ali captured Timbuktu and captured Djenne later. Both gave him control over major trade. |
| How did Askia Muhammad come into power and what were some of his accomplishments? | Askia drove Ali's son from power for not practicing Islam. He conquered the Mossi and Hausa kingdoms. Songhai increased in power, wealth, and expanded trade. He elected able officials to collect tax, run the treasury and military, and monitor agriculture. |
| What was believed about the kings in Yoruba? | They were the most divine religious leaders. According to legend, the creator sent the first ruler to Ife where Yoruba states were founded. His sons became the next kings. |
| How was Benin art in the royal palace unique? | Artists working for the oba created brass heads of the royal family and copper figues, Brass plaques on the walls and columns of the palace showed legends, historical scenes, and deeds from the oba and his nobles. |
| Why did Ibn Battuta travel to Mali? | He visited most Islamic countries. He found he could travel without fear of crime and praised them for their studies of the Qur'an. He was impressed by their justice system. |
| Why did Mali weaken? | Most of Musa's successors could not govern well. |
| What were some of Mansa Musa's greatest accomplishments? | He was a skilled military leader who exercise royal control over gold-salt trade and settled every rebellion. His army of around 100,000 protected Mali. The empire became twice the size of Ghana. |
| How did Mansa Musa control his territory? | He divided it into provinces and appointed able governors who ruled fairly. |
| How was gold-salt trade interfered with in 1076? | The Almoravids of North Africa completed the conquest of Ghana. The war interfered with the trade. Ghana never regained power, but helped Islam gain a foothold in the region and the West African-North trade that would last for centuries. |
| How did the fact that the Hausa city-states were located in the Mediterranean affect its culture? | Kano and Katsina became major trade states. They made money from supplying caravans. Kano became famous for its woven and dyed cloth and leather goods. Zazzau, however, mainly traded slaves and kept some for public works. |
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