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APHG Vocab Unit 5
Vocab Definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Agriculture | Purposely modifying the Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and animals to obtain goods/food |
| Subsistence Agriculture | Farming in which the produce goes to the family to consume first, and if there’s left over it could be sold |
| Commercial Agriculture | Farming for money, or consumption off the farm |
| Intensive Agriculture | Large amounts of labor/money compared to land being put into agriculture |
| Extensive Agriculture | Small amounts of labor/money put into the land being regarded |
| Shifting Cultivation | Growing crops of animals on a piece of land for a year or two and then leaving it and moving on to another piece of land after the nutrients have been taken (leaving it alone for a while so the nutrients can get restored again) |
| Pastoral Nomadism | Seasonal migration where the family of farmers travel with their livestock during certain seasons |
| Transhumance | Herds moving to higher elevations during the summer, and lower elevations during the winter |
| Livestock Ranching | Commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area, mostly cattle being raised as well as cows, sheep, and goat |
| Slash and Burn | A type of shifting cultivation where farmers cut trees and brush, then after the vegetation dries they use it for fertilizer, but this goes on until the soil is infertile |
| Fallow | Land that isn’t used for 1+ growing seasons in order for it to be fertile again and gain its nutrients |
| Plantation Farming | Commercial agriculture in developing countries where they specialize in 1-2 crops, mostly in the tropics/subtropics but owned by North Americans or European countries |
| Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming | Livestock and crops being grown in the same area, in a large piece of land where the manure is used for fertilizer |
| Dairy Farming | Very intensive labor in developed countries where dairy products are made, and they are surrounding a city up to 300 miles |
| Milkshed | Commercial farming in urban areas where dairy products are close to the central market |
| Commercial Gardening/Fruit Farming/Market Gardening- | Market gardening where food is sold fresh, or canned/frozen |
| Grain Farming | Farming grains, wheat, and rice in high precipitation land |
| Mediterranean Agriculture | Food that made in places that boarder the sea, often being seafood, olives, and grapes |
| Feedlots | A very small area where cattle is put to fatten up to gain more profit |
| Rural Settlement: Clustered | Houses, buildings, and land that are in very close proximity to one another, huddled up together |
| Rural Settlement: Dispersed | Houses, buildings, and land that are distributed among the land, being isolated, far from other things |
| Rural Settlement: Linear | Houses, buildings, and land that aligns together with something such as railroads, streets, etc… |
| Metes and Bounds | Irregularly shaped land that ownership’s description is solely on land |
| Township and Range | Rectangular, grid like farm land used by the USA Federal government |
| Long Lot | Long and narrow pieces of land boarding rivers, canals, or roads |
| Domestication | Purposely raising animals/crops, and changing them over time so they meet human needs/demands |
| Columbian Exchange | The “discovery” of the Americas by Christopher Columbus in the late 1400s leading to world wide trade and exchange, of people, goods, disease, and agriculture |
| First Agricultural Revolution | The start of the domestication of animals and crops at the end of the last ice age |
| Second Agricultural Revolution | Improved equipment and better farming methods were made increasing productivity and amounts being produced |
| Green Revolution | Improved equipment and farming (overall advancement in agriculture), mostly where mechanized farming turned to electrical machines and technology, and GMO was introduced |
| Seed Hybridization | Purposely breeding different varieties of crops so enhance certain things like growth, durability, and size, done by scientists |
| Biotechnology Revolution | Going alongside with the third revolution/green revolution, genetically modified organisms were made by scientists to enhance the production, amount, and durability of crops |
| Monoculture | A singular crop growing on a the same land per season |
| Monocropping | A singular crop growing on the same land per season, year after year |
| Double Cropping | Planting and harvesting 2-3 times a year |
| Intercropping/Multi Cropping | 2 or more crops being simultaneously grown on the same land |
| Bid Rent Theory | The theory that land closer to the central market costs more and is more limited in size, so it has to be used intensively. And land farther from the central market costs less, and can be used extensively |
| Commodity Chain | When processes in the production of a product are connected with distribution to consumers |
| Agribusiness | The large-scale system that includes production, processing, and distribution of agricultural products |
| Vertical Integration | When a company owns more than one process/step in the production of something |
| Economies of Scale | The larger the quantity of a product, the less it will cost |
| Supply Chain | A commodity chain at a global scale, where items are transported and products are made made internationally |
| Comparative Advantage | The idea that countries who have an advantage in producing products should specialize in that product and export it, but import other things that are in their disadvantage |
| Horticulture | The cultivation/growing of fruits, plants, and vegetables |
| Von Thunen | The idea that perishable items such as diary products, should be closer to the central market, whereas products that take longer to perish/self-transport, is farthest. Central Market 1).Dairy/Market gardening 2)Forests 3) Grains 4) Ranching/Livestock |
| Neocolonialism | Discreetly taking resources from a less powerful country |
| Luxury Crops | A crop that isn’t for the purpose of consumption |
| Farming Subsides | When the government gives farmers payment to support their business, or the start of their business |
| Pollution | Contamination of the air/environment/water due to chemicals, or harmful materials introduced by humans |
| Desertification | Land degradation where soil is stripped of it’s nutrients so much that it turns desert-like |
| Soil Salinization | When salt starts building up in the soil, causing water to evaporate at a very fast rate |
| Conservation Efforts | Efforts, laws, rules, placed at an attempt to be sustainable, but still meet human needs |
| Terracing | Carving parts of a hill/mountainside into level growing plots that look like stairs |
| Genetically Modified Organisms | Organisms that are genetically enhanced by scientists to be more durable, larger, sweeter, or having an overall consumer appeal. The new durability has also reduced the need for fertilizers and pesticides |
| Aquaculture | A type of agriculture that specializes in farming in the water, specifically fish, in very small spaces |
| Urban Farming | Farming or producing agriculture in the city, usually having very limited space |
| Vertical Farms | Producing food in a small space leading them to be in vertical lines, and stacked on top of one another, or in other structures |
| Community Supported Agriculture | A network or group of people who have pledged to support local farms |
| Organic Farming | Farming that avoids GMO, pesticides, herbicides, etc… |
| Fair Trade | A big movement that supports and encourages farmers to be sustainable, they also advocate for fair pay and rights |
| Value Added Crops | Crops/products that have something additional attached to them so are unique and sell better/more |
| Community Gardens | Gardens that are made and sustained by the community |
| Local Food Movements | Movements made to better the relationship between consumer and seller, for the region/area to become more self-reliant |
| Dietary Shifts | Global/national diets that have been changing throughout the years, either adding, losing, or substituting foods |
| Food Deserts | Limited access to grocery stores or nutritious foods (a neighborhood with low income- usually 33% or more) |
| Food Insecurity | Without access, or a lack of money to get affordable and nutritious food |
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vchaconmoreno
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