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A&P II Mid-term
Anatomy & Physiology II Mid-term
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the major organs in the urinary system | Kidneys Ureter Bladder Urethra |
| Define micturition | process of eliminating urine |
| Which kidney is superioir (Right or Left)? | Left |
| The outermost layer of the kidney is known as? | Renal capsule |
| What are the functional units of the kidney? | Nephron |
| Spherical structure consisting of glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) and capillary networks (glomerulus) is known as? | Renal corpuscle |
| The kidney is supplied by which artery? | Renal artery |
| Blood is delivered to the glomerulus by the? | Afferent arterioles |
| Name 3 segments in the renal tubules | PCT (proximal convoluted tubule),Nephron loop, DCT (distal convoluted tubules) |
| The distal convoluted tubule empties the filtrate into which structure? | Collecting duct |
| What processes occur at the DCT? | secretion of ions, acids, drugs, and toxins, reabsorption of water |
| The collecting system drain urine into which structure? | minor calyx |
| What are the goals of urine production? | maintain homeostasis regulates volume/composition of blood, excretion of waste |
| True or False, the PCT reabsorbs the majority of the filtrate? | True |
| The function of aldosterone is? | Reduce sodium loss in the urine (reabsorbs sodium and water) |
| the function of ADH is to? | conserve free water |
| The color of urine comes from | urobilin |
| constriction of the afferent arterioles entering the glomerulus will increase or decrease the filtration rate? | decrease |
| What stimulates the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular complex? | decrease in blood pressure |
| Is a hollow, muscular organ that functions as a reservoir for urine | urinary bladder |
| The Thyroid Cartilage is also known as? | Adam’s apple |
| Functions of Renal Tubules include: | Reabsorb useful organic nutrients that enter filtrate, Reabsorb more than 90% of water in filtrate, Secrete waste products |
| knot or network of capillaries within the renal corpuscle is known as? | glomerulus |
| Hydrostatic pressure that forces water through membrane pores is known as (this is waht occurs in the glomerulus)? | Filtration |
| Asexual reproduction, or mitosis, is the process by which: | cells make exact copies of themselves |
| Type of reproduction that requires assistance of another individual to produce offspring that are not identical to themselves: | sexual reproduction |
| In humans, total number of chromosomes needed is: | 46 Chromosomes |
| Who determines the sex of the baby? | Father |
| passageways for eggs to get to uterus are known as? | fallopian tubes |
| valve-like portion of uterus that protrudes into vagina (common places for collection of cells for pap smear) is known as? | cervix |
| The Uterus consists of 3 layers: | Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium |
| Spiral radial arteries supply this layer of endometrium (decays and regenerates every month as part of the mentrual cycle) | Functional layer |
| Occurs when endometrial tissue escapes uterus and implants in abdominal cavity. | Endometriosis |
| This condition causes painful intercouse, urination, and bowel movements | Endometriosis |
| Tube, approximately 10 cm long, running from uterus to outside of body: | Vagina |
| External opening of vagina may be covered by perforated membrane called: | Hymen |
| small erectile structure, 2 cm in diameter in the female reproductive system is known as? | clitoris |
| milk production controlled by this hormone: | prolactin |
| The menstrual cycles takes about ___ days. | 28 days |
| Purpose of menstraul cycle is to: | release egg for fertilization, prepare uterus to receive fertilized egg |
| Menstruation is term referring to actual shedding of: | endometrium (period itself) |
| This is the phase when the endometrium is proliferating (growing) and follicles (eggs) maturing (fist half of the menstrual cycle) | follicular of proliferative phase. |
| Time between ovulation and menses is known as: | luteal, or secretory, phase |
| a primary follicle will become a secondary follicle in this stage in a females life: | puberty |
| Successfully fertilized egg has this number of chromosomes and now called a _____ ? | 46 chromosomes, zygote |
| This hormone triggers ovulation: | LH |
| This hormone initiates development of primary follicles each month. | FSH |
| Progesterone’s effect on uterus is to: | maintain buildup of endometrium |
| implanted fertilized egg secretes a hormone called (shows up as positive pregnancy test) | hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) |
| Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Sx include: | depression, anger, irritability, anxiety, confusion, withdrawal breast tenderness, bloating, swelling extremities, headache |
| Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)ischaracterized by: | Formation of multiple cysts on ovariesHormonal abnormalities, Infertility, Obesity, Insulin resistance, Facial hair, acne |
| The organs of the endocrine system include: | hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal (suprarenal glands) glands, pancreas, gonads (testis, ovaries) |
| This gland controls the pituitary gland | Hypothalamus |
| This gland is divided into anterior and posterior sections and is controlled by the hypothalamus | Pituitary |
| this gland produces melatonin | Pineal gland |
| This hormone is produced by the pituitary gland and controls the thyroid gland | TSH (thyroid stimulating hornmone) |
| These hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary: | OXT and ADH |
| This hormone controls the production of breast milk | PRL (prolactin) |
| This hormone controls the excretion of breast milk | OXT (oxytocin) |
| This gland regulates the immune system | Thymus |
| The adrenal (suprarenal) gland is divided in two layers called: | Cortex, medulla |
| Steroid hormones are produced mainly in the: | adrenal (suprarenal) cortex |
| Signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism are: | wt. loss, tremors, heat intolerance, increased heart rate, loose stools or diarrhea, sweating |
| Signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism are: | wt. gain, cold intolerance, depression, constipation |
| This is needed to produce thyroid hormone: | iodine |
| These are the two types of thyroid hormone | T3,T4 |
| This is the most accurate INITIAL test to determine thyroid disease | TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) |
| Some of the hormones produced in the ANTERIOR pituitary include: | ACTH, TSH, PRL, LH, FSH |
| These hormones control the gonads: | LH, FSH |
| The most common cause of cushing's syndrome is: | Medication (steroids) |
| This gland is located inferiorly to the hypothalamus: | pituitary |
| bulging eyes (Exophthalmos) is characteristic of this thyroid disorder: | Graves |
| A disease caused by low thyroid levels during fetal development and leading to severe mental retardation is known as: | cretinism |
| The pancreas produced these endocrine hormones: | Insulin, glucagon |
| Type I diabetes is characterized by: | Autoimmunity, lack of insulin production, skinny or normal wt. patients, typically seen in <30 years old |
| Type II diabetes is characterized by: | insulin resistance, obesity, age >30 years-old, |
| This is the most common type of stone: | Calcium |
| urine production requires 3 processes: | filtration, reabsorption, secretion |
| The filtered blood is taken away by the: | RENAL VEIN |
| 3 layers of the kidneys are: | Renal capsule, cortex, renal medulla |
| What is the renal medulla | columns of collecting tubules |
| The nephron is divided into two major parts: | Renal corpuscle (filter), and renal tubules |
| The filtrate from the glomerulus travels to the outside is this order: | proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule, collecting duct, minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra |
| Sx of kidney stones: | hematuria, fever, nausea, flank pain, nausea |
| Dx of kidney stones: | History, physical exam, U/A, ultrasound |
| A genetic disorder where large cysts are found in the kidney: | Polycystic kidney disease |
| Sx of polycystic kidney disease: | hematuria, hypertension, cysts, UTI, pain, cerebral hemorrhage |
| In order to form urine the nephron must perform: | glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion |
| Filtrate is reabsorbed back into the blood stream via the: | peritubular capillaries |
| This substance is completely reabsorbed in the blood stream and should not appear in urine: | glucose |
Created by:
bismark
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