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Heme Final
Hematology Overall final questions - all sheets
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is aplatic anemia? | Failure of bone marrow to produce normal number of RBC, WBC & platelets |
| What causes sickle cell anemia? | People who have the disease inherit two copies of the sickle cell gene; gene causes the body to make abnormal hemoglobin |
| What two anemias would the test electrophoresis be ordered to diagnose? | Sickle cell & Thalassemia |
| When is iron deficiency seen in women? | Menstration / Pregnancy (Women of reproductive age) |
| When is iron deficiency seen in infants 6 to 24 months old? | Babies that are on a milk only diet (Iron storeage from mom have been used up) |
| When is iron deficiency seen in men? | Cronic blood lose (EX: Internal bleeding in GI trac) |
| What are all the hemolytic anemias we studied? | Sickle cell - Thalassemia - Spherocytic - Erythroblastosis - Fetalic |
| What do hemolytic anemias have in common? | RBC decreased - bilirubin Increased (Waste) |
| What does the bone marrow lack that causes pernicious anemia? | Vitamin B 12; - Intrinsic factor is a protein made in the stomach that helps your body absorb vitamin B12. |
| When is there an increased demand for folic acid? | Pregnancy; - Folic acid helps produce and maintain new cells. This is especially important during periods of rapid cell division and growth such as infancy and pregnancy. |
| Define Hemostasis - | Stoppage bleeding |
| What are the three parts of the coagulation system? | Vasscular system; - Platlets; - Cloting factors that form fibrin clot |
| What are three functions of platelets? | Form plug; - Release substances used to form fibrin; - Clot retactions (Prevent bleeding) |
| What are the three stages in the formation of a fibrin clot? | 1 - Formation of prothrombin activator; 2 - coversion of prothrombin to thrombin; - 3 - Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin |
| Where do the factors from the extrinsic system originate? | From damaged tissue |
| What substance is necessary for the formation of the fibrin clot? | Calcium |
| What is another name for calcium? | Factor IV |
| Define thrombocytopenia - | Decreased platlet count |
| Where do you see thrombocytopenia? | Pernicious (Lack of Vitamin B 12; - Aplastic (Platlets low) |
| Define qualitative platelet defect - | Have normal number of platlets, but poor function |
| What factor is missing in Hemophilia A? | Factor VIII |
| What factor is missing in Hemophilia B? | Factor IX |
| What is another name for factor IX? | Christmas factor |
| What are the two main causes of acquired clotting factor deficiency? | Liver disease (The liver makes 8 of the factors); - Vit K deficiency (liver require Vit K to to make 4 of the factors made by the liver) |
| What does PT stand for? | Prothrombin Time (Amount of time it takes to form a fibrin clot) |
| What does the PT measure? | Extrinsic pathway & coumadin |
| What does coumadin affect? | Factor VII |
| What does APTT stand for? | Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time |
| Define APTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time) - | Time it takes to form a fibrin clot from intrinsic |
| What does APTT measure? | Intrinsic & Hemprin threapy |
| What does knowing the APTT measurment screen for? | Factor VIII & IX |
| What colored stopper tube is used for coagulation studies? | Blue |
| What additive is in a blue tube? | Sodium Citrate |
| What to remember when using a blue tube? | Do not use first 5mm of blood for testing |
| **** Next questions come from - | Hematocrit, Indices & Sedimentation Rate sheet |
| What are the abbreviations for the hematocrit test? | 1 - Hct; - 2 - PCV (Packed Cell Volume) |
| How are Hb & Hct related? | Hb x 3 = Hct +/- 3 units (EX: If Hb is 12 Hct would be 33% to 39% |
| When is the Hct increased? | Polycvthemia vera - Dehydration |
| When is a Hct decreased? | Anemia - Leukemia - During pregnancy(Due to extra fluid) |
| What kind of capillary tube is used to perform an Hct from tube blood? | Plain (Empty) Blue stripe |
| What kind of capillary tube is used to perform a hematocrit from finger puncture? | Hepernized |
| How full is a properly filled tube? | 2/3 to 3/4 full |
| What three points are located to read an Hct result? | 1 - 0 (Bottom of packed cells; Meniscus (100% or top) 3 - Where hematocrit (Hct) ends at buffy coat (%) |
| What units are used with the Hct result? | % (percent) |
| What are the normal values for a Hct result? | Women 36 - 45%; - Men 42 - 52% |
| What are sources of error when doing an Hct? | 1 - Centrifuse inadequate; (Wrong length or speed) 2 - Trapping RBC, WBC, Platlets, Plasma in RBC count; 3 - Failure to mix tube; 4 - Leaking blood from the plug; 5 - Reading part of the buffy coat as part of RBC |
| What does MCV stand for? | Mean Corpuscular Volume |
| What does MCV tell the doctor? | Average volume of one RBC Corpuscular, which is used to classify anemia (Normal is 82 - 99 Femtoliters) |
| What does MCH stand for? | Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin |
| What does MCH tell the doctor? | Normal wt in Hb in RBC, which is used to select additional tests to determine cause of aemia (Normal is 26 - 34) |
| What does MCHC stand for? | Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration |
| How does MCHC help the doctor? | Monitor response to treatment (Tells the cromic or color) |
| What term will describe the RBC's if the MCV is 82 - 99fl? | Normocytic (Normal size) |
| What term will describe the RBC's if the MCV is less than 82fl? | Microcytic (Cells are too small) |
| What term will describe the RBC's if the MCV is greater than 99fl? | Macrocytic (Cells are too large) |
| What term will describe the RBC's if the MCHC is 31 - 37%? | Normocromic (Normal color) |
| What term will describe the RBC's if the MCHC is less that 31%? | Hypocromic (Central area is pale) |
| Define sedimentation rate? | Rate at which RBC settle out from the plasma |
| What is the abbreviation for the sedimentation rate? | ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) |
| What units are used with the sedimentation rate results? | mm/hr (millimeters per hour) |
| What are the normal values for ESR? | Men 0 - 15 mm/hr; - Women 0 - 20 mm/hr |
| In general, when is the ESR increased? | 1 - Inflamation; 2 - Infection; 3 - some malignant cancers (It is a non specific screening test |
| Name 3 diseases when the ESR is increased. | 1 - Rheumetiod arthriyis; 2 - TB; 3 - Pneumonia; |
| When do you read the ESR result? | At 60 minutes |
| What two mothods are used to perform the ESR? | Westergren (Taller tube) & Wintrobe |
| What are sources of error for the ESR? | 1 - Excess anti coagulant caused by short draw; 2 - Blood greater than 2 hrs at Room Temp or 6 hrs in refrigorator temp; 3 - Vibrations or inclined tube; 4 - Blood not at RT (refrigorator blood too thick) |
| What is a reticulocyte? | Younger RBC (Has no Nucleus, stains blue gray, larger than an older cell |
| Define polychromasia - | Blue gray cells (Young RBC) |
| These questions come from: | Blood composition & WBC Count Worksheet |
| What are the three components of the cellular portion of the blood? | 1 - Erythrocytes (RBC); 2 - Leukocytes (WBC) 3 - Thrombocytes (Platlets) |
| What anticoagulant is in a lavender tube? | EDTA |
| What test is a lavender tube commonly used for? | Complete CBC |
| What anticoagulant is in a gold tube? | None (Contains Clot activators and/or serum gel separators) |
| What test is a gold tube used for? | Chemistry |
| What anticoagulant is in a blue tube? | Sodium citrate |
| What tests are a blue tube used for? | PT, - PTT; - Coagulation |
| What anticoagulant is in a green tube? | Heprin |
| What test is a green tube used for? | Chemical determination on plasma |
| What anticoagulant is in a red tube? | None (Contains Clot activators and/or serum gel separators) |
| What must you remember when drawing for a coagulation study? | 1 - Use a blue tube; 2 - Draw a waste tube; 3 - Do not use tubes with clot activator for waste tube) |
| What are the different ways that 7,400 wbc/mm^3 can be expressed? | 1 - 7,400 wbc/cu.mm.; 2 - 7.4 x 10^3 WBC/uL; 3 - 7.4 x 10^9 WBC/L |
| What are the different ways that 23,500 WBC/mm^3 can be expressed? | 1 - 23,500 wbc/cu.mm.; 2 - 23.5 x 10^3 wbc/uL; 3 - 23.5 x 10^9 wbc/L |
| How is the operation of automated cell counters classied by CLIA? | Moderately Complex |
| What tests make up a complete CBC? | 1 - Erythrocyte; 2 - Leukocyte; 3 - Thrombocyte (Platelets- 1st step of clotting) 3 - Hematocrit (Packed red cell volume); 4 - Hemoglobin (Protein w/in RBC) 5 - Differential exam of WBC; 5 - Calculation of RBC indices, MCV, MCH, MCHC |
| The following questions are from: | Hematology WBC Worksheet |
| What is the function of the nucleaus? | Control center of the cell |
| What is the function of cytoplasm? | All Protoplasm exempt for nucleus |
| What is the function of Chromatin? | Thread like appearance of the chromosomes when the cell is not dividing |
| What is the function of nucleoli? | Direct cell production (Oval bodies within the nucleus) |
| What is the function of vacuole? | Membrane enclosed fluid filled space |
| What is the function of plasma membrane? | Regulate passage of material into & out of cell |
| What size drop od blood is used to make a differential blood smear? | Match head |
| What are the charateristics of a good smear? | 1 - Gradual transition from thick to thin; 2 - Cover 2/3 - 2/4 of slide; 3 - Feathered end; 4 - No waves, clots or holes; 5 - Does not come to abrupt stop; 6 - Does not run off end |
| What causes a blood smear to be too thick? | 1 - Angle of spreader too high (Above 45 degrees) 2 - Motion too fast; 3 - Drop too large |
| What causes a blood smear to be too thin? | 1 - Angle too low (Less than 35 degrees) 2 - Motion too slow; 3 - Drop too small |
| What is the composition of Wright's differental stain? | 1 - Alcohol solution; 2 - Acid dye (eosin red); 3 - Alkaline dye (Methylene blue) |
| What is accomplished in the 2 step staining procedure? | 1 - Material is fixed to slide (Done by Wright's stain) 2 - Polychrome with addition of buffer |
| What is the function of the WBC Neutrophilic segmented? | 1 - Phagocytosis (Eating) of bacteria & small particles |
| When are neutrophilic segmented cells increased? | 1 - Pyogenic (pus) 2 - Pyrogenic (fever) 3 - Infection |
| What is the function of the WBC Eosinophilic Segmented cell? | To limit the affects of an allergic reaction |
| When are Eosinophilic Segmented cells increased? | Alergy & Parasitic infection (EX: Asthma, Hayfever, tapeworm) |
| What is the function of the WBC Basophilic segmented cell? | Little is known; - Granules release hisomine & Heprin |
| When is basophilic segmented cells increased? | Granulocytic leukemia; - Polycythemia vera; (Small role in allergy) |
| What is the function of the WBC Monocyte? | Phagocytosis (Eating) of bacteria & large particles |
| When is monocyte cells increased? | 1 - Cronic infection; 2 - TB |
| What is the function of the WBC Lymphocyte? | Produce antibodies; - Transplant rejection |
| When is lymphocyte cells increased? | Viral infections (EX: Mono, Viricoeula - Chicken pox) |
| Look at: | # 18 concerning how figament is defined, what nucleus looks like and more. |
| What is the function of the WBC Lymphocyte? | Produce antibodies; - Transplant rejection |
| When is lymphocyte cells increased? | Viral infections (EX: Mono, Viricoeula - Chicken pox) |
| Look at: | # 18 concerning how figament is defined, what nucleus looks like and more.So narrow there is no nuclear material between the two margins |
| What color is the cytoplasm in a neutrophilic band or segmented cell? | Pink with small pink-brown granules (Both are the same) |
| What does the nucleus look like in a neutrophilic band cell? | 'C', 'S' or 'U' shaped; conecting strip wide enough to show nuclear material between margins |
| What do the granules in the cytoplasm look like in eosinophilic segmented cell? | Bright pink-red or red-organs spherical granules fill the cell - uniform size |
| What do the granules in the cytoplasm look like in basophilic segmented cell | Large purple-black or blue-black irregular granules-vary in size, shape and number (Buck-shot) |
| What does the nucleus look like in a lymphocyte? | Dense and round |
| What size can lymphocytes come in? | Small, medium & large |
| What color is the cytoplasm of a lymphocyte? | Robins egg blue (No granules) |
| What different shapes of lymphocyte are there? | Small, narrow rim of cyto - bearly visable; Large with few reddish granules; - can look like a spindal; - Can look holly shaped and be easly indented |
| ***** Next questions come from - | RBC & Hemoglobin worksheet |
| What is the function of hemoglobin? | 1 - Carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissue; 2 - Carries 25% of the carbin dioxcide carried from tissue to lungs |
| What are the abbreviation for hemoglobin? | Hgb, Hb, hg |
| What makes heme? | Starts out with iron & protoporphyrin (4% of molecule) |
| What makes globin? | Amino acids & RNA (Ribonucleic acid) (96% of molecule) |
| What is hemoglobin? | RBC protein |
| What does RA tell? | Which aa assemble in what order |
| What are the three normal genetic types of hemoglobin? | A1 - A2 - F |
| What is electrophoresis? | Seperates ___________________ types of hemaglobin; all are hereditary; - All differ in the structure of the polypeptide |
| What are the physiologic factors that affect the RBC count and hemoglobin value? | 1 - Age; 2 - Gender; 3 - Altitude; 4 - Body fluid |
| How is the RBC count and hemoglobin value affected by a person with dehydration | Increase |
| How is the RBC count and hemoglobin value affected by a women that is pregnant? | Decrease |
| Which diseases cause an increase in Hgb? | 1 - Polcythemia vera; 2 - Burn pt; 3 - COPD |
| What unit is used to report a Hgb result? | g/dL |
Created by:
amandmc
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