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AP Human Geo Unit 5
Study Flash Cards for AP Human Geo Unit 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The purposeful cultivation of plants or raising of animals to produce goods for survival. | Agriculture |
| Areas that have similar climate patterns generally based on their latitude and their location on coasts or continental interiors. | Climate Regions |
| Define Mediterranean Agriculture | An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia |
| Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family/Self-sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not for trade. | Subsistence Agriculture |
| Define Commercial Agriculture | Agriculture that is done primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. Aim for large profit |
| Geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases. | Bid-Rent Theory |
| Central Business District (CBD) | The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually quite high; and transportation systems converge. |
| Clustered Settlements | A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement. |
| Intensive Agriculture | Farmers expend a great deal of effort to produce as much yield as possible from an area of land. |
| A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages. | Dispersed Settlement |
| Houses and buildings extend in a long line that usually follows a land feature, such as a riverfront, coast, or hill, or aligns along a transportation route | Linear Settlement |
| Metes and Bounds | A method of land description which involves identifying distances and directions and makes use of both the physical boundaries and measurements of the land. Natural features are used to demarcate irregular pieces of land. |
| Long-lot Survey System | Divided land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals. |
| Township and Range System | A rectangular land division scheme to disperse settlers evenly among US territory. Six mile square blocks are townships. |
| Tropical Climate | North or South of the equator, usually hot |
| Mixed crop/livestock | Both animal and crops are farmed in the same area |
| Market Gardening | The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers |
| Growing specialized crops such as bananas, coffee, and cacao in tropical developing countries, primarily for sale to developed countries. | Plantation Agriculture |
| An agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor and capital per unit land area. | Extensive Agriculture |
| Shifting Cultivation | A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period. |
| A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area | Ranching |
| Places where agriculture first developed and originated. Fertile Crescent, Indus Valley, East & Southeast Asia, & Latin America | Agricultural Hearths |
| Fertile Crescent | Important hearth for wheat, other cereal grains, cattle, dogs, sheep, goats |
| Indus River Valley | Important hearth for spices like ginger, sugarcane, cinnamon |
| East and Southeast Asia | Important hearth for rice, soybean, chickens, tropical crops |
| Latin America | Important hearth for maize (corn), potato, turkeys, cotton, tomato |
| Domestication | the process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans |
| The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following voyages | Colombian Exchange |
| achieved plant domestication and animal domestication. This is the start of farming. | First Agricultural Revolution |
| dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm products | Second Agricultural Revolution |
| a large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties. | Green Revolution |
| high-yield seeds | seeds that have been engineered to be stronger and more productive. They will produce more crops peer seed, need less water, and can survive in warmer climates |
| Mechanized Farming | farming that uses machines to increase the per capita food number; but still results in an unequal distribution of food |
| monocropping/monoculture | large planting of single crop species or variety encouraged by mechanization of agriculture and use of synthetic fertilizers; efficient but leads to soil erosion and pest vulnerability |
| bid-rent theory | different land users are prepared to pay different amounts, the bid rents, for locations at various distances from the city center. |
| commodity chain | series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in something that is then exchanged on the world market |
| a proportionate saving in costs gained by an increased level of production. | Economies of Scale |
| Carrying capacity | The largest population an area can can support |
| Van Thunen Model | a predictive theory in human geography that predicts humans will use land in relation to the cost of land and the cost of transporting products to market |
| Global Supply Chain | the firm's integrated network of sourcing, production, and distribution, organized on a worldwide scale and located in countries where competitive advantage can be maximized |
| Export Commodity | A good that is sold to another country |
| Global Food Distribution Network | The process of distributing food worldwide |
| Political relationships | Global food distribution relies on positive relationships between different governments |
| What is very important for efficient distribution of food worldwide? | Infrastructure |
| The changes that have taken place to natural environments due to a variety of natural and/or human-induced causes | Land cover change |
| desertification | Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. |
| arid | having little or no rain; often too dry to support vegetation |
| soil salinization | the increase of salt concentration in soil; in arid regions, salt often evaporates and leaves salt behind |
| Conservation efforts | Human activities that help to keep the natural resources of Earth available and clear of pollution |
| slash and burn agriculture/shifting cultivation | fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris |
| The cutting out of flat areas into near vertical slopes to allow farming. Appear as steps cut into a mountainside. | Terrace Farming |
| The process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops. | Irrigation |
| The action of clearing a wide area of trees | Deforestation |
| Clearing Natural Swamp areas to create fields | Draining Wetlands |
| Pastoral Nomadism | A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals. |
| Biotechnology | The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products. |
| Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) | crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods |
| Aquaculture | The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions |
| Sustainability | The use of Earth's renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that do not constrain resource use in the future. |
| the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem. | Biodiversity |
| pesticide | A chemical intended to kill insects and other organisms that damage crops. |
| The growing of fruits, herbs, and vegetables and raising animals in towns and cities, a process that is accompanied by many other activities such as processing and distributing food, collecting and reusing food waste. | Urban Farming |
| community-supported agriculture (CSA) | A system in which consumers pay farmers in advance for a share of their yield, usually in the form of weekly deliveries of produce. |
| Organic Farming | A method of farming that does not use artificial means such as synthetic pesticides and herbicides, antibiotics, and bioengineering |
| value-added specialty crops | goods that have some other product in them or item attached to them to make them unique and able to sell at higher price. |
| fair trade | trade in which fair prices are paid to producers in developing countries. |
| Produced within a fairly limited distance from where it is consumed | Local food movement |
| food insecurity | a condition in which people do not have adequate access to food |
| food desert | An area characterized by a lack of affordable, fresh and nutritious food. |
| Movement of upper and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions | Suburbanization |
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