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APHG study
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What term means scientific study of population characteristics? | Demography |
| Humans avoid living in places that are too wet, dry, cold, and high. What area of the world is an exception to this? | South America |
| Measurement that indicates the number of farmers per unit of arable land | Agricultural Density |
| Which geographer believed that the pattern of migration followed the DTM? | Zelinsky |
| In which stage of DTM are birthrates low and the NIR slow? | Stage 4 |
| What equation demonstrates how to find the NIR? | (CBR-CDR)/10 |
| What region of the world has the highest dependency ratio? | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| War causes families to move. What is war an example of? | Push factor |
| A woman moves from her home country for a new job. Employment is an example of what? | Pull Factor |
| What term means large scale emigration of talented and skilled individuals? | Brain Drain |
| A person moves from Minneapolis to Boston. What type of migration is this? | Interregional |
| High international emigration happens during what stage of the migration transition? | Stage 2 |
| What term means a person leaving a country to live (semi)permanently elsewhere? | Emigration |
| What term means a person coming into a country to live (semi)permanently? | Immigration |
| What term means the migration of people because relatives or countrymen moved first? | Chain Migration |
| The Trail of Tears is an example of what type of migration? | Forced Migration |
| What geographer theorized that humans would eventually outnumber available resources? | Thomas Malthus |
| What country currently has the highest rate of immigration? | United States |
| What is the principle that explains that since many natural resources are nonrenewable, all natural resource use should be managed in a way that is balanced with the environment, and at a rate so that future generations may be able to meet their needs. | Sustainability |
| A region that is defined by a social or economic function that occurs between a focal point and the surrounding areas. E.G. radio stations | Functional or Nodal Regions |
| What geographic concept explains the ability of humans to use technology to overcome the limitations of climate and modify the landscape? | possibilism |
| What is a computerized mapping system that analyzes and displays geographically referenced information? | Geographic Information System |
| The Midwest and American South are both examples of what type of region? | Vernacular Region |
| A large number of Turkish people migrated to Germany in the 1960s, when West Germany’s manufacturing economy was booming and Turkey’s economy was predominantly agricultural. What is this an example of? | Voluntary Guest Work |
| The mean center of the population of the United States shifting to the South and West as workers migrated to areas with more jobs and a warmer climate explains the effect of migration in the US in which time period? | between 1950 and 2010 |
| Shepherds in France who move their sheep to mountain pastures each summer is an example of what? | Transhumance |
| What best explains the decrease in mortality rates world wide? | better hygiene and sanitation processes |
| Deaths in Country A often occur due to outbreaks of epidemic disease, while in Country B most people are dying from chronic disorders such as heart disease. Where do these countries fall in the demographic transition model | Country A is in Stage 2, Country B is in Stage 4 |
| South Sudan experienced famine during the twenty-first century as a result of war and drought. This is an example of what theory? | Neo-Malthusian |
| Decreasing the cost of childcare so that families can afford to have more children is an example of what type of policy | pro-natalist |
| How does educating women effect the TFR? | The increase in the percent of women who are more highly educated correlates with a decline in fertility. |
| Bangladesh has seen its total fertility rate drop to 2.1, but its population is projected to be higher in 2050 than it is today. Why Bangladesh will continue to experience positive rates of natural increase? | Demographic Momentum |
| What term means the money immigrants send back to family and friends in their home countries? | Remittances |
| What can lead to an increase in asylum seekers? | Political instability and conflict along with high fertility levels over the long term |
| In 1980 China implemented an antinatalist one-child policy. What is an unintended consequence of the policy? | There are more men than women because of a cultural preference for male children. (also aging pop.) |
| Famine and starvation occurring as demand outpaces agricultural production being a consequence of high birth rates in a LDC is an example of what theory? | Malthusian Theory |
| Many European countries provide families 1+ of the following: tax credits, flexible parental leave, monthly payments, public-transportation fare reduction, free vaccines, and subsidized childcare. Why would one of these countries implement these policies? | Concerns about an aging population and wanting to encourage higher birth rates. |
| Is a large youth population, wanting but lacking educational opportunities, a demographic push or a pull factor for LDCs? | Push factor |
| British convicts shipped to Australia in the mid-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth centuries is an example of what kind of migration? | Forced migration in the 20th century |
| Declining levels of fertility and mortality, leading to older age structures, is common in which stage in the DTM? | stage 4-5 |
| What is ten laws dealing with how far migrants travel, why they move, and their characteristics | Ravensteins laws of migration |
| True or False: Ethiopia is in stage one of the DTM | False. There are no countries in stage 1. |
| Moving from one region to another is an example of what kind of migration? | interregional |
| Moving within a region is an example of what kind of migration? | intraregional |
| how do migration patterns typically flow? | developing to developed regions |
| What describes US Immigration in the 17th and 18th centuries? | Europeans to new American colonies Sub-Saharan Africans forced into American Slavery |
| Describe US immigration in the early 2000s | Historically high levels of migration, specifically from Asia and Latin America |
| What is the largest interregional migration in the world? | China rural-urban migration for economic opportunity |
| What are the three types of intraregional migration? | Rural-Urban Urban-Suburban Urban-Rural |
| How does the decision to have children later in life impact fertility rates? | a later childbearing pattern, as reflected in a higher mean age of childbearing, slows the pace of growth and reduces the size of the future population, because the time between generations is longer and fewer people are being added per year. |
| At what stage of DTM is described as: total population is low but it is balanced due to high birth rates and high death rates. | Stage 1 |
| At what stage of DTM is described as: total population rises as death rates fall due to improvements in health care and sanitation. Birth rates remain high. | Stage 2 |
| At what stage of DTM is described as: Total population is still rising rapidly. The gap between birth and death rates narrows due to the availability of contraception and fewer children needed to work. The natural increase is high. | Stage 3 |
| At what stage of DTM is described as: Total population is high, but it is balanced by a low birth rate and a low death rate. Birth control is widely available and there is a desire for smaller families. | Stage 4 |
| At what stage of DTM is described as: Total population is high but going into decline due to an aging population. There is a continued desire for smaller families, with people opting to have children later in life. | Stage 5 |
| As a country passes through the demographic transition model, what happens to the total population? | As a country passes through the demographic transition model, the total population rises. |
| Most LDCs are at what stage of the DTM? | Most LDCs (Less Developed Countries) are at stage 2 or 3 (with a growing population and a high natural increase). |
| What are the Limitations of the DTM? | The model was developed after studying the experiences of countries in Western Europe and North America. |
| What model applies the common causes of death to each stage of the DTM? | Epidemiologic Transition |
| What model applies patterns of migration to each stage of the DTM? | Zelinsky's Migration Transition |
| Scale of analysis definition | The level of analysis being shown |
| What concept explains that the distance between something feels like less because of faster communication or transport. EG when you can only walk a mile is far but when you can drive its not. | Time-Space Compression |
| Define distance decay | The farther apart two things are, the less connected |
| Define human-environmental interaction | The relationship between people and their physical environment |
| Define cultural ecology | How people adapt in their environment |
| What is the difference between environmental determinism and possibilism? | Environmental determinism is how the environment impacts peoples development and behavior, where possibilism is how human culture can impact the environment around them. |
| The frequency of occurrence of something within a specifically defined area is the | Density |
| One way that possibilism differs from environmental determinism is that it emphasizes | Culture |
| What is a thematic map? | Maps that show spatial aspects of information |
| A map that use colors, shades and patterns to represent the location and distribution of spatial data is what kind of map? | Choropleth Map |
| A map used to show the specific location and distribution of something across a territory or map, with each dot representing a specific value is what kind of map? | Dot Distribution Map |
| A map that uses symbols of different sizes to represent amounts is what kind of map? | Graduated Symbol Map |
| A map that uses lines that connect equal points. Also used for topographic maps, the closer the lines the faster the change is what kind of map? | Isoline Map |
| A map with size distortion to show specific statistics is what kind of map? | Cartogram |
| What map projection is described as the following? For navigation. Strength is straight lines and accurate directions. Weakness is size distortion | Mercator Projection |
| What map projection is described as the following? For general use. Strength is no major distortion and in an oval. Weakness is area shape size and direction all slightly off | Robinson Projection |
| What map projection is described as the following? For spatial distribution related to area. Strength is size of the land mass is correct. Weakness is incorrect shape. | Peters Projection |
| Which term refers to the collection of geospatial data through the use of satellite imagery? | Remote sensing |
| All maps have… | Distortion |
| Define population distribution | Population distribution is the way that people are distributed across the earth. |
| What physical factors impact where people live? | People want to live near Midlatitudes, or moderate climate areas, low lying areas, and bodies of freshwater |
| What human factors impact where people live? | Trade routes, other people, and political decisions |
| How does population density and distribution impact the environment? | Higher population density, the greater the strain on the environment, can lead to pollution. |
| What are some examples of anomalies you might see on a population pyramid? | Economic decline, epidemic, migration |
| What is the population dependency ratio? | Comparison between the dependent people and the working population. Dependent population is under 15 and over 64 |
| What is Crude Birth Rate? | # of live births per year |
| What is Crude Death Rate? | deaths/population |
| What is the Total Fertility rate? | An estimate of the average number of children born to each female in her childbearing years |
| What is Life Expectancy? | The average number of years people live |
| What is Infant Mortality Rate? | The number of children who die before their first birthday every year. |
| What is population doubling time? | Population doubling time is how long it takes for a population to double. Since the 1800s population has been growing exponentially |
| How does the COVID-19 pandemic change our understanding of the ETM? | It shows how the ETM doesn't take into account for globalization |
| What is Malthusian Theory | The human population grows more rapidly than the food supply until famines, war or disease reduces the population. |
| Summarize the debate between neo-Malthusians and those with alternative views, such as Ester Boserup. | Neo-malthunisms believe increase in population will lead to pollution, environmental strain, and mass famine. Boresup suggests otherwise, that the more people, the more workers and will lead to action and adaption. |
| Describe the political impacts of an aging population | Political issues which arise in an aging society include: a voting majority for the interests of the elderly,the domination of the decision power in corporate and similar ruling bodies, and unemployment or a long wait for promotion for younger people. |
| Describe the social impacts of an aging population | Societal aging can affect economic growth, patterns of work and retirement, the way that families function, the ability of governments and communities to provide adequate resources for older adults, and the prevalence of chronic disease and disability. |
| Describe the economic impacts of an aging population | shifting disease burden, increased expenditure on health and long-term care, labor-force shortages, dissaving, and potential problems with old-age income security. |
| What is the difference between an intervening obstacle and intervening opportunity? | An intervening obstacle is a barrier that make reaching the place desired difficult. An intervening opportunity however is something that changes the desired location, such as a job or community. |
| Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons to a refugee but has not migrated across an international border is called what? | Internally Displaced Persons |
| people who must leave their home area for their own safety or survival are called what? | Refugees |
| What were the trends in immigration in the US from 1808-1890? | Northern and Western European immigrants |
| What were the trends in immigration in the US 1890-1914? | Southern and Eastern European immigrants |
| List at least three examples of policies that encourage immigration. | Family reunification policies, Homestead act, Guest worker policies |
| Define carry capacity | The population level that can be supported, given the quantity of food, habitat, water, and other life infrastructure present |
| Define Ecumene. | The part of earths surface that is occupied by permanent human settlement. |
| What is an adaption that causes more harm than good? | Maladaption |
| What is the difference between Malthusian Theory and Neo-Malthusian Theory? | Neo-Malthusian Theory builds on Malthus's ideas on overpopulation, but it takes into two factors Malthus does not. Population growth in LDCs and resources failing other than food. |
| What type of density is the number of people divided by the amount of arable land? | Physiological Density |
| What is the average rate of replacement? | 2.1 children per woman. |
| What is a trend in migration or other processes that has a clear cycle? | Cyclic Movement |
| Define Diffused. | To spread out |
| The area in which a unique culture or a specific trait develops is a what? | Cultural Hearth |
| What is a behavior that is heavily discouraged by a culture called? | A Taboo |
| A groups learned behaviors, objects, actions and beliefs is also called what? | Culture |
| Define indigenous culture | The beliefs, practices, traditions, values, etc. of ethnic groups residing on ancestral land. |
| The beliefs and practices of homogenous groups, usually in isolated areas, which are slow to change is what kind of culture? | Folk Culture |
| What is the connection between globalization, popular culture, and global culture? | Globalization is increased connection, and makes things spread very wide very fast. When cultural traits spread far enough, they become popular culture. When popular culture is adapted world wide, it is called global culture. |
| An old book is an example of which type of cultural trait? | An Artifact |
| God is an example of which kind of cultural trait? | A Mentifact |
| Government is an example of which kind of cultural trait? | A Sociofact |
| Define Cultural Landscape | The visible effect of culture on the built environment. |
| What are the 5 major religions? | Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism |
| Where in the US are Congregationalists most common? | New England, US |
| Where in the US are Baptists and Methodists common? | South-East, US |
| Where in the US are Lutherans common? | Upper-Midwest, US |
| Where in the US are Mormons common? | Utah, US |
| Where in the US are Roman Catholics common? | North-East and South-West US |
| What is the notable religious pattern among Jews, Muslims, And Hindus in the US? | Jews, Muslims, and Hindus often are clustered in urban areas. |
| What is a Centripetal Force? | Forces that UNIFY a group or religion. examples being language, food, shared heritage and more. |
| What is a Centrifugal Force? | Forces that DIVIDE a group or religion. Examples being racism, inequality, separate religions, separate languages and more. |
| Someone evaluating some ones culture based on preconceptions, and believing their own culture is superior is an example of what? | Ethnocentrism |
| The belief that all aspects of culture should be analyzed from the perspective of the culture is an example of what? | Cultural Relativism |
| Adapting the actions, traditions, traits, or other elements of another culture is an example of what? | Cultural Appropriation |
| The spread of cultural traits because of people moving is which kind of diffusion? | Relocation Diffusion EG: AIDS, bubonic plag |
| Viral Videos are an example of which kind of diffusion? | Contagious Expansion Diffusion. EG: viral video, NOT AIDS |
| Define Hierarchical Diffusion. Give one example. | The spread of cultural traits from the most interconnected and powerful places first and then fill in inbetween. EG: fashion, devil wears prada |
| When something starts in a lower social class and then moves up it is an example of which kind of cultural diffusion? | Reverse hierarchical diffusion. |
| Define Contagious Stimulus Diffusion. | When culture is passed on but certain aspects change. |
| How does trade contribute to diffusion. Give examples. | Trade connects people from different cultures for the purpose of business. This causes exposure/adaption of some cultural traits. EG traders brought Islam with them when they went to Indonesia and north africa, and its still present today. |
| Examples of languages that have diffused widely | English, Spanish, French, and Arabic |
| Why do some languages, like Mandarin, not diffuse as widely. | because they didnt colonize other countries far away/force the spread of their language. |
| What is a Lingua Franca? What is the most common Lingua Franca? | A lingua franca is a language that is used for the purpose of trade that is neither parties native language. The most common lingua franca is English. |
| What is the difference between a pidgin and a creole? | A pidgin is very bare bones combination of two languages with a limited vocabulary. A creole has a whole vocabulary along with grammar and native speakers. |
| With an increase in communication technology, you also get an increase in connection. This is an example of what concept? | Time-Space Convergence |
| What is cultural convergence? | A possible result of globalization: when places begin to have converging cultural traits, ideas and beliefs, and they sort of homogenize. |
| What is cultural divergence? | The idea that a culture may change over time as elements of distance, time, physical separation, and modern technology create divisions. |
| What are the three theories of how language originally diffused? | Through dispersion, as people moved they carried their language with them/ Through transmission, people learned from their neighbors Through conquest, one group or person imposing a language on others. |
| What do the branches on a language tree represent? | The Language Family |
| What do the leaves on a language tree represent? | Languages |
| What is a dialect? | A regional variation of a language that can be distinguished by its distinctive pronunciation, vocabulary, and spelling |
| What is an Ethnic Religion? | Belief traditions that emphasize strong cultural characteristics among followers. Hinduism and Judaism. People are born into the religion, and they don't actively seek converts. |
| What is a Universalizing religion? | A religion which actively seeks converts to their religion. Christianity Islam Buddhism, and Sikhism |
| How did Christianity diffuse? | Spread largely through conquest and more recently missionaries. |
| How did Islam diffuse? | Conquest, Trade, and missionaries |
| How did Sikhism diffuse? | Spread from Punjab. Relocation diffusion because of British people. |
| Define Acculturation | Adopts some practices but also keeps their own when things spread. |
| Define Assimilation | the process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture |
| Define Syncretism | Blending of two distinctive traits into a new one |
| Define Multiculturalism | maintaining a diversity of ethnic cultures within a community |
| What is another word for Nativism? | Antiimmigrant |
| What is a Defined Boundary? | A boundary made through treaties or legal documents. For example the Treaty of Versailles. |
| What is a Delimited Boundary? | A boundary that is drawn on a map in agreement. |
| What is a Demarcated Boundary? | A visually marked boundary. For example walls, posts, fences, and signs. The Berlin wall. |
| What is an Administered Boundary? | A boundary that is enforced and maintained by a government. For example the DMZ. |
| What is an Antecedent Boundary? | A boundary that existed before a large population was present. prior to settlement. The 49th Parallel |
| What is a Superimposed Boundary? | Political boundary that ignores the existing cultural organization. Drawn by outside powers. For example the Rwandan Burundi borders |
| What is a Subsequent Boundary? | Drawn after the settlement of an area to accommodate the changing cultural landscape, usually in response to a certain event like war. |
| What is a Consequent Boundary? | A boundary drawn to separate people based on ethnic, linguistic, religious, or economic differences. Example is the Czech/Slovak border. |
| What is a Relic Boundary? | Boundary that does not exist anymore but its impacts are still felt in evidence on the land. Example is the Iron Curtain |
| What is a Geometric Boundary? | Straight line drawn by pepole that doesnt follow and physical features closely. For example the Aouzou strip. |
| How far can a country get to a foreign countries borders according to The Law of The Sea? | 12 Miles |
| How far out does the EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) extend? | 200 Miles |
| How is China getting around the Law of the Sea in the South China Sea? | By building islands with military bases on them |
| Define Nation State | A nation that fits the definition of a state, or a state that has one strong cultural group. some analysts suggest that there are no true nation states anymore. Japan. |
| Define Multinational State | A state that has more than one nation. Canada having nunuvut, quebec, and general canada. |
| Define Autonomous Region | A defined area within a state that has a high degree of freedom from its parent state. Åland |
| Define Semi-Autonomous Region | A region that has a degree of autonomy but not complete autonomy. Navajo |
| Define Stateless Nation | A cultural group with no political entity. Kurdistan |
| Define Multistate Nation | a nation that stretches between multiple states. Korea for example being in both North and South Korea. |
| Define Nationalism | A nations desire to create and maintain a state of their own. |
| Define Imperialism | A way of influencing another country or group through direct conquest, economic control, or cultural dominance. |
| Define Colonialism | A brand of imperialism where people move to settle in the land of another country |
| Define Self-Determination | The right to choose your own sovereign government without outside influence |
| Define Decolonization | When indigenous people reclaim sovereignty over their territory. |
| Define Devolution | The process by which one or more regions are given increased autonomy by the central government |
| Why are choke points important strategic geographic locations? List at least four choke points in the world. | because whoever controls the choke point can control so much more. international clout and economic advantages. gate of tears, strait of hormuz, turkish straits, panama canal |
| Define an give examples of Supranationalism | Multiple countries joining an organization in order to benefit all members. The UN, NATO, ASEAN, EU, Arctic Council, African Union, Opec, etc. |
| What is the purpose of the United Nations? | To promote peace and human rights. 193 countries. |
| What is the purpose of NATO? | A millitaristic mutual defense organization, made to provide collective security against the soviet union. if one country is attacked they will all protect it. 30 countries. |
| How is State Sovereignty effected by Supranationalism? | States give up some sovereignty in order to join organizations. |
| Explain what the Enclosure Acts were and discuss the impact they had on land use. | A series of laws by the british government that allowed landowners to enclose and but property. This kicked off a lot of farmers, and also allowed for commercial farming and bigger farms. Also less farmers overall. |
| When was the second agricultural revolution? | Between 1500 and 1800 |
| What was the first agricultural revolution? | The Neolithic revolution, where a change occurred from hunting and gathering to settlement and farming. This made larger populations possible, and gave opprotunity for new technologies and civilizations. |
| What was the purpose of crop rotation? | Planting different crops in the same place in a certain order, in order to restore nutrients back to the land. |
| What impact did irrigation have on agriculture? | Stable and controlled water and thus increasing yields. |
| What was the major population shift that took place during the 2nd Agricultural Revolution? How did this shift impact the Agricultural Density of places like the United States? | Shift in farmers, a lot less farmers. Also rural to urban migration from those displaced farmers. Lot lower agricultural density because lot less farmers. |
| Explain the work of Dr. Norman Borlaug. What impact did his work have on food production in less developed countries? | He got higher yield, disease resistance, and faster growing varaities of grain. Also led to plant hybridization. It helped because the crops were more resistant in harsher conditions to help give them better agriculture. |
| Define Subsistence Farming. | Its a form of farming in which nearly all of the crops or livestock raised are used to maintain the farmer and the farmer's family, leaving little, if any, surplus for sale or trade. |
| List three POSITIVE impacts of the green revolution. | Global food production went up, Raised investment in farming, Lower food prices/got food to places that needed it |
| List four NEGATIVE impacts of the green revolution. | Environmental degradation and increased income inequality, inequitable asset distribution, and worsened absolute poverty. |
| What are the four agricultural hearths? | The Americas (corn, cotton, tomato, pepper), The Fertile Crescent (wheat, olives, cattle, pigs), The Indus River Valley (cinnamon, ginger, sugarcane) and East and Southeast Asia (rice, chicken, soybeans, mango) |
| What is the Metes and Bounds survey system? | An english survey system often seen on the east coast of the US. Property boundaries and roads were determined by geological features. Led to many property disputes, and deeds are often lengthy. |
| What is the Long Lot survey system? | French settlers with long lots coming from a narrow river. |
| What is the Township and Range survey system? | Land Ordinance of 1785 led to checkerboard patterned lots across the US. |
| What is a clustered settlement pattern? | A settlement pattern where a number of houses are in close proximity to each other. |
| Define Primate City | A city that is by far the biggest city, with a population exponentially bigger than the next largest city. EG lagos |
| What is Christallers Central Place theory? | A model that attempts to understand why cities are located where they are. Explains that cities are econ centers primarily, people will travel short distances for low order goods and longer distances for high order goods. |
| Why do we not see perfect models of Christallers Central Place theory? | Physical georgaphy, consumer behavior based on more than just econ, cars make long distance travel easier, multipurpose shopping trips, and the internet making certain products unnecessary to go to. |
| What is the Gravity model? | Something Saying that the interaction between two places can be determined by the product of the population of both places, divided by the square of their distance from each other. |
| What is Wallersteins world systems theory? | The theory that categorizes countries into Core, Periphery, And Semi periphary countries. |
| What level of jobs are in core countries, according to the NIDL? | In core countries, most jobs are tertiary, Quaternary, and Quinary. |
| What level of jobs are in semiperiphary countries according to the NIDL? | Secondary |
| What level of jobs are in periphery countries according to the NIDL? | Primary |
| What is the NIDL (new international division of labor)? | Social changes in the orginazation of demand taht happened in teh late 1960s. |
| What is the Burgess central zone model? | A description of the process or urban growth that views the city as a series of circular areas or zones characterized by a different type of land use the developed central core. |
| What is the hoyt Sector Model? | The Hoyt Sector Model uses pie-shaped wedges to illustrate his theory of land use and the CBD at the center of the urban area. it then expanded away from the CBD along transportation lines, where you found zones used for industry and residential develop- |
| What is the multiple nuclei model? | A city that does not have one central area but has several that act as regional centers for economic or residential activity within a larger city. |
| What is the most unique characteristic of the latin city model? | The spine. |
| What is the built environment READ THIS ANSWER | The tangible impact of human beings on the landscape. |
| What is infilling? | INfilling is when open space presents an economic opprotunity for landowners to build apartment units placing more poeple in existing places. |
| What is an edge city? | An suburb that turns into an urban area with a large suburban residential area around it. |
| What is Gentrification? | The proccess of renewal and rebuilding when rich people move in, it displaces other poorer residents. |
| What is the Bidrent theory? | a theory that states that land costs are higher in and around a cities CBD due to demand. |
| What is an urban growth boundary? | a geographical boundary placed around a city to limit urban sprawl. |
| What is urban sprawl? | The expansion of cities and urban areas into surrounding rural or undeveloped land. |
| What is a greenbelt and how is it used? | a designated area of land around a city or urvan spae that is prtected from development. its used to promote sustainable land use and prevent urban sprawl. |
| What is a comparative advantage? | when one economic player puts money into a porduct that the have an advantage in. China and cheap labor. |
| what is the difference between fordism and post fordism? | fordism saw the use of economies of scale and things like assembly lines, where post fordism is talking about the specialization of labor. |
| Which map projection shows an ariel view of the earth centered on the north pole? | Azimuthal |
| What is the difference between situation and site? | Site is the exact location of a city, you can find it on a map. The situation of a city relates to its surrounding features, both human-made and natural. |
| Who argued that cultural landscapes should be the basis of geographic inquiry? | Carl Sauer |
| Which type of region has inprecise boundaries that allow for individual interpretation? | Perceptional regions |
| The ratio between number of items in a defined unit of area measures what? | Density |
| What elements of study do human and physical geography have in common? | They are both concerned with where things occur and why they occur where they do. |
| The number of males per hundred females in a population is the what? | Sex ratio |
| What is an example of a pronatalist policy? | A policy that promotes childbirth, tax benifits, discounted childcare, paid time off etc. |
| At which stage of the DTM is NIR highest? | Stage 2 |
| What two demographics are on a population pyramid? | Sex and Age |
| What would a stage 2 population pyramid look like? | Skinny at the top, wide at the bottom |
| What would a stage 4 population pyramid look like? | Bottom and middle a similar width. |
| In what stage of teh ETM do infectious and parasytic diseases kill people on a large scale? | Stage 2. |
| At what stage of the ETM do Chronic and degenerative diseases kill people on a large scale? | Stage 4 |
| In what stage of the MTM is there more seasonal or daily migration to find food or move with changing weather? | Stage 1 |
| In what stage of the MTM is there a lot of international migration to a higher stage country or rural to urban migration? | Stage 2 |
| What is an environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration? | intervening obstacle |
| What is the seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures? | Transhumance |
| What kind of migration is gradual? | Step Migration |
| Rapidly declining crude death rates are found in which stage of the DTM? | stage 2 |
| What is the most effective way to reduce birth rates with long term benefits? | Imrpoving local econ conditions while improving womens education level. |
| When was the largest interregional migration in the US? | when the western territories opened up for settlement/manifest destiny |
| What kind of migration was the California Gold Rush? | Voluntary |
| What is Sequent Occupance? | The idea that land is effected by every group of people that jhas histroically lived there/ |
| What is the Cultural Landscape? | Combinations of physical features, agricultural and industry practices, religious and lingusitic characteristics, evidence of sequent occupance and other expressions of culture. |
| What is it called when everyone starts having on mass global culture? | CUltural convergance. |
| What is the order of the language tree from largest to smallest. give examples. | Family(indo-european), Branch (germanic), Family (west germanic) and leaves (english) |
| What is a basic language used for communication that includes elements of both indigenous and colonizer languages? | Pidgin. |
| Why would a country have multiple official languages? | to recognize different cultural groups in a country |
| What is a large fundamental division within a religion? | A religious branch (roman catholic). |
| What is a religious denomonation? | A division of a religious branch that unites a number of local congregations into a single body. (baptist church of protestentarism) |
| WHat is a religious sect? | A relitively small religious group that has broken a3way from an established denomonation. (Menanites, an anababtist sect of christianity) |
| What is Balkanization? | The proccess by which a state breaks down through conflicts among ethnicities, like the balkan states. |
| What is a shatterbelt, list three examples. | A shaterbelt is a geographic region compised of culturally diverse weak states that are prone to conflict. BAlkan states, Israel-palestine, and caucus region. |
| What is an example of folk culture? | SALSA DaNCing |
| What language familty has the most speakers in the world? | INdo-european |
| WHat language has the most native speakers in the world? | Mandarin |
| What is the universilizing religion with the most followers? | christianity |
| what is the ethnic religion with the most followers? | hinduism |
| in contrast to folk culture, pop culture is more likely to vary from... | time to time in a given place |
| WHta does globalizatoion threaten/? | Folk culture |
| Hebrew is an example of what type of alngauge? | A revived language |
| What is the most common religious change from africans as a rsult of contact with europeans and teh middle east? | from animism to a universalizing religion. |
| WHat is a boundary that wasdrawn after a population estabablished it7eself and respects existing spatial patterns of social cultural and ethnic groups? | Subsequent boundary |
| What is an ethnic enclave> | A portion f a state that is geographically seperate from the main part of the state. Kalingrad. |
| What is a government structur ethat places most of the power in the hands of central gvernment officals? | A unitary state |
| What i s agovernment that allocates strong power to units of local government within the country? | A federal state |
| What is gerrymandering? | The proccess of redrawing boundaries for the opurpose of benifiting one party. |
| What is reapportionment | the redrawing of electoral districts after each census. |
| Define irridentism | Political or popular movement intended to reclaim and reoccupy an area considered lost or unredeemed |
| What is neocolonialism? | Practice of using capitalism, globalization, and cultural imperialism to influence LDCs instead of previous direct colonial methods. Ex. China’s influence in Africa |
| Which supranational organization is focused on production of oil? | OPEC |
| Which groups have been gaining more local power as a result of devolution>? | INdigenous people |
| What was the columbian exchange? | widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, people, technology, and diseases between Americas, West Africa and Europe (Old world and New World) in 15th-16th centuries |
| WHat is pastodial nomadism? | Herding of domesticated animals. Dry, mountainous climates such as North Africa. Live off the grain and animal products. |
| What type of agriculture is ranching? | Extensive Commericial |
| What type of farming has become popular in response to pestecide use? | organic farming. |
| Which aspect of von thunans model have chanegd as a result of development in transport? | The width of the rings has increased. |
| What is Purchasing power parity? | Adjustment made to GNI that accounts for what money actually buys within different countries |
| What is the GINI? | Measure of income inequality |
| What is the INternal Monetary fund? | Something that provides loans to countries experiencing balance of payment problems that threaten expansion of international trade |
| WHat is the World Trade Organization? | They reduce barriers to trade by negotiating reduction/elimination of international trade restrictions and they reduce/eliminate restrictions on international movement of $ by banks, corps and individuals. Made in 1195 |
| What is a foreign direct investment? | investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country |
| what does the world bank do? | helps provide loans to LDCs to help build infrastructure |
| Why is Commodoty dependance bad? | Because it mkes a countries economy veryvolotile and vulnerable to changes in demand and global events. |
| What is fair trade? | Products made to protect workers and small buisness in ldcs. coffee |
| Which stage of Rostow's Model of Economic Development includes limited technology, static society, agriculture is high and the largest wealth comes from military and religion? | 1. Trad society |
| Which stage of Rostow's Model includes large-scale availability of consumer goods and a large service sector? | 5. Mass consumption |
| Which stage of Rostow's Model involves the commercial exploitation of agriculture and mining, infrastructure building, and an elite group intitating innovative economic activities? | 2. Preconditions to takeoff |
| Which stage of Rostow's Model of Economic Development involves development of a wider industrial and commercial base, and the spread of technology to a wider range of industries? | 4. Drive to maturity |
| Which stage of Rostow's Model involves the development of manufacturing, creation of modern institutions, and rapid growth in the secondary sector? | 3. Takeoff |
| What is a Maquiladora | Factories built by US companies in mexico near us border to take advantage of lower labour costs. |
| What is a footloose firm? | Industries that have no real inclination to be located close to either raw materials or primary markets, since their products are so lightweight and valuable. Ex. computer chips, diamonds. |
| What is a Special economic zone | Area of a country where business and trade laws are different from the rest of the country. They have goals to get business to invest in that area due to lower taxes, less regulations etc. |
| What are right to work laws? | Laws that requires a factory to maintain an open-shop, as in employees are not required to join a union |
| What is An export processeing zone? | Officially designed for manufacturing but it is a zone in a country that has more accessible distribution facilities, lax environmental laws, and attractive tax exemptions in order to attract foreign corporations usually LDCS. |
| what is A free trade zone? | Type of SEZ, zone of a country where it is duty-free, offering warehousing, storage, and distribution facilities for trade, transshipment, and re-export operations |
| a large percent of population involved in agriculture in china indicates... | Subsistence agriculture |
| What is Blockbusting? | A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhood. Blockbusting happened in the 1960s and 1970s in America. |
| What is a boomburg? | rapidly growing (double-digit growth) suburban cities with a population greater than 100,000; not the largest city in their metropolitan area and they develop along interstate beltways. |
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