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Russian Revolution*1
Final WH
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Serfs | an unfree peasant of tsarist Russia |
| Russification | A form of cultural assimilation, where non-Russian communities give up culture & language in favor of Russian one. Refers to both official and unofficial policies of Imperial Russian & Soviet Union aimed at Russian domination |
| Pogroms | an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jewish people in Russia or eastern Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. |
| Czar Nicholas II | The last Emperor of Russia, ruling from Nov. 1894 until his forced abdication on March 15, 1917. His reign saw the fall of the Russian Empire from one of the foremost great powers of the world to economic and military collapse. |
| Duma | Lower House of legislative assembly in the late Russian Empire, held meetings at Taurida Palace in St. Petersburg, founded during RR as Tsar's response to rebellion |
| Soviets | The idea of a soviet as an organ to coordinate workers’ strike activities arose during the January–February 1905 meetings of workers during the abortive revolution of 1905. |
| Bloody Sunday | Bloody Sunday occurred: Father Gapon led a crowd to the Winter Palace to present a petition to the tsar, but Cossacks opened fire |
| Revolution of 1905 Overview | On January 1905, Bloody Sunday occurred: Father Gapon led a crowd to the Winter Palace to present a petition to the tsar, but Cossacks opened fire-->masses/soviets directed revolutionary activity demanding democratic republic-->October Manifesto |
| February Revolution of 1917 | Petrograd workers began several strikes and demonstrations on International Women's Day, Tsar wanted to use force to suppress, but Russian Army forces sided with the revolutionaries. Resulted in abdication of Tsar and rise of prov. govt against soviets |
| Alexander Kerensky | After the head of the provisional govt resigned after the July Days, Kerensky succeeded him. He was more progressive, but not radical enough for Bolsheviks-->his govt was overthrown by them/soviets |
| Provisional Government | After the Russian Empire collapsed, it was replaced by the PG that fought for power against soviets/socialist led worker councils-->lasted 8 months, unable to make decisive policy decisions, overthrown by Petrograd Soviets in Oct. Rev |
| Proletariat and Bourgeoisie | For Marx there are only two main classes, the bourgeoisie, that owns the means of production and the proletariat who work for them. The proletariat includes everyone who does not own the means of production. |
| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | After Russia lost to G in WWI, G & R signed ToBL in March 1918 which was very harsh to R |
| October Revolution of 1917 | A seizure of state power that took place in Petrograd on Oct. 25, 1917 led by Lenin. Transformed Russian state to Soviet republic, was based on Marxism Leninism-->vanguard party, marked beginning of spread of communism in 20th century |
| Lenin | R communist revolutionary & politician. served as head of govt of Russian Republic, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, & Soviet Union. Under him, Russia & Soviet Union-->one-party socialist state governed by Russian Communist Party. |
| Petrograd Soviet | Feb 1917 Petrograd workers began strikes, 2 quell riots Tsar order untrained/injured army 2 supress->army troops mutiny->govt authority↓->3/16 Duma's response: form provisional govt (center left), socialist parties form Petrograd Soviet 2 repres. workers |
| Trotsky | A leading Marxist revolutionary of the first half of the 20th century, part of the Bolshevik party w/ Lenin, leaded reorganization of Red Guard into Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, was exiled and erased from power by Stalin |
| Bolsheviks | Literally meaning “one of the majority,” this party was a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) that ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. |
| Vanguard of the Proleteriat | a dictatorship of the proletariat; a rule of the working class. Highly disciplined, centralized party that immersed proletariat w/socialist consciousness |
| Russian Civil War | Began right after the rise of the Bolsheviks and soviets after Oct Rev. Red Army (Bolsheviks) against White Army (Non-Bolsheviks) |
| Cheka | 1st of a succession of Soviet state security organizations: troops policed labor camps; conducted requisitions of food; subjected political opponents to secret arrest, detention, torture; put down rebellions by workers/peasants, mutiny in Red Army |
| Reds | Led by the Bolsheviks |
| Whites | Led by politically diverse anti-Bolsheviks |
| War communism | An economic policy made by the Bolsheviks. Enforced the break up landed estates and forcible seizure of agricultural surpluses |
| Soviet Union | Russ. Rev 1917->Romanov monarchy overthrown->Bolsheviks established socialist state->civil war, white vs red->1921-1991 newly formed Soviet Union, world’s first Marxist-Communist state; new Communist Party, led by Lenin, took control of govt |
| New Economic Policy | In response to peasants disapproval-->forced to give surplus grain to the govt during war communism, Lenin formed NEP: allowed peasants to sell their surplus grain on the open market (this was criticized by Communists, but helped the economy recover) |
| Stalin | Leader of Soviet Union after Lenin's death |
| Why were the Russian serfs (who then became peasants) so angry in the early years of the 20th century? | 1. Bc Russia (embarrassingly) lost to Japan in Russo-Jap. War, 2. overcrowding and destitute living conditions for a new class of R industrial workers, 3. educated Russians saw how growth in R was hampered by monarchical rule of the czars |
| Revolution of 1905 Results | October Manifesto-->creation of national Duma/legislature & right to vote. Modern groups were satisfied, but socialists were not-->they tried to organize new strikes. End of 1905: reformers were disunified, tsar's position strengthened |
| Using what you know about industrialization in Western Europe, surmise about working conditions and attitudes of Russian workers in the late 1800s and early 1900s. | New factories=thousands peasants in2 cities 2 search 4 work. R’s cities not equipped 4 rapid urban growth>Most workers lived in unhygienic/freezing conditions, even worse in factories= long hrs, dangerous work>working class susceptible 2 revolution ideas |
| Why were women critical to the February Revolution? | February Revolution began in Petrograd on International Women's Day, 23 February 1917, when thousands of women from different backgrounds took to the streets demanding bread and increased rations for soldiers' families. |
| Explain the relationship between the Enlightenment and the Duma and the Provisional Government. | Both Duma & Provisional govt supported Enlightenment ideas*: despite PG's short reign of power, it passed progressive legislature (rid capital punishment, declared Polish independence, separated church and state*, confirmed liberty of speech/press* |
| What policies of the Provisional Government led to its downfall? | fail 2 tackle: 1. continue war=wanted keep fighting w/G--scared of G demands if left war & if B/F loans/investment withdrawn 2. demands 4 land=wanted discussion after elections->sad peasants 3. economic and social problems facing the population=no food |
| What were some of the important policies instituted by the Bolshevik government? | All private property seized All Russian banks nationalized Private bank accounts gone The Church’s properties seized All foreign debts repudiated Control of the factories-->soviets Wages at higher rates than wartime, shorter, eight-hour working day |
| Contrast the main economic idea of War Communism and the New Economic Policy. | War communism=war economy used 4 survival of econ. drained ctry 2 prioritize most essential econ. functions during extreme shortages bc of WWI & Civil war, NEP=regenerating devestated economy in short run, one is surviving the other is making it better |
| Russo-Japanese war’s importance | Costly/humiliating R defeats in RJ War left R demoralized, + Russians’ growing anger at failed policies of Czar Nicholas II-->helped precipitate 1905 Russian Revolution and 1917 October Revolution. |
| Marxist-Leninist economic and political ideas |
Created by:
undercoverkookie68
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