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AP6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| imperialism | A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. |
| nationalism | A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country |
| Sino-Japanese War | a war between China and Japan for influence, power, and territory |
| Formosa | Former name of Taiwan |
| phrenologists | those versed in the study of the shape of the skull based on the belief that it indicates a person's mental faculties and character |
| Charles Darwin | English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882) |
| Social Darwinism | The belief, developed by Herbert Spencer, that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. |
| David Livingstone | Scottish missionary and explorer who "discovered" the Zambezi River and Victoria Falls (1813-1873), worked to end slave trade |
| East India Company (EIC) | Private trading company est. in 1600. Expanded through conquest & British military support after the 1750s to administer most of India. After the 1857 mutiny & rebellion, its charter was ended. |
| Dutch East India Company | A joint stock company chartered by the Dutch government to control all Dutch trade in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Also known by its Dutch initials VOC for Verenigde Oostendische Compagnie. |
| White Man's Burden | idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized |
| King Leopold II | the Belgian king who opened up the African interior to European trade along the Congo River and by 1884 controlled the area known as the Congo Free State |
| Cixi | Conservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty. |
| Sierra Leone | Established in 1787. It was a home for freed people from throughout the British Empire who had been enslaved. |
| Gold Coast | Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward. |
| Gambia | Established in 1816, used as a base to stop slave trade |
| Lagos | City that was the base for Britain to expand into what is now Nigeria |
| Cape Colony | Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus. |
| Congo Free State | a large area in Central Africa that was privately controlled by Leopold II of Belgium. He was able to secretly treat the people of the colony very badly until he was forced to give it up. |
| Abyssinia | the only independent African state, now called Ethiopia |
| Liberia | In 1820, the American Colonization Society created a colony in West Africa for freed slaves to go. By the 1840s this colony had its own constitution and became a semi-independent nation. |
| Ceylon | an island in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of India controlled by the EIC, now named Sri Lanka |
| Dutch East Indies | A group of islands in South East Asia claimed by the Dutch during Imperialism. |
| Indochina | French colony made up of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam |
| Malaya | British colony conquered in the 1870s which provided abundant supplies of tin rubber |
| Siam | The Kingdom of _____, known today as Thailand, remained relatively independent during the nineteenth century because they served as a buffer between the colonies of Britain and France in Indochina. |
| Australia | A British penal colony during the 1700's, free settlers arrived in the 1800s |
| New Zealand | British established control in 1840 and set up a constitution. |
| Berlin Conference | A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa |
| Treaty of Waitangi | The treaty signed by the British and Maori in 1840 giving Britain control over New Zealand. |
| Scramble for Africa | Term given for the rapid invasion of Africa by the various European powers. This began imperialism in Africa. |
| Monroe Doctrine | an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers |
| Manifest Destiny | the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable. |
| Roosevelt Corollary | Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force |
| Great Game | a struggle between the British Empire and the Russian Empire for control of Central Asia in the 19th century. |
| concentration camps | segregated camps where British relocated Afrikaners during Boer War in order to starve the black refugees |
| Seven Years' War | worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land |
| Taiping Rebellion | a mid-19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan |
| Boxer Rebellion | 1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops. |
| Spanish-American War | In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence |
| corvée laborer | Forced unpaid workers working on a project as taxation. The French used millions of Egyptians in this labor to create the Suez Canal to shorten in the waterway to Asia. |
| Spheres of Influence in China | Special authority or presence and another country would have a different area of authority. China became divided by European powers. The different European countries supported each other through the spheres of influence because of economic advantage |
| settler colony | A form of colonization where foreign family move into a region and an imperial political power oversees the immigration of these settlers. |
| East India Company | British joint-stock company that grew to be a state within a state in India; it possessed its own armed forces. |
| Dutch East India Company | Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies. |
| Afrikaners | Descendants of the Dutch settlers in the Cape Colony in southern Africa |
| Maori | indigenous people of New Zealand who fought a series of wars with the British after they were made a colony |
| Colonization Society | Founded in 1816, encouraged owners to free their African slaves and pay to send them back to Africa |
| Indian Territory | An area to which Native Americans were moved covering what is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska |
| Trail of Tears | The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands in North Carolina/Georgia - traveled more than 800 miles to the Indian Territory. More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, & lack of food during the 116-day journey. |
| Quinine | a drug used for fighting malaria and other fevers |
| Suez Canal | A human-made waterway, which was opened in 1869, connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea |
| State-Run Colony | Western institutions slowly replace local culture, often established claiming they are going to help the indigenous people |
| Economic Domination | Form of colonial domination. is the forced extraction of wealth, resources, natural resources, coal, diamonds, labor power, slavery or very low wage labor. |
| Tupac Amaru | Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt failed because of creole fears of real social revolution. |
| Jose Rizal | Filipino revolutionary leader who fought for sovereignty from the Spanish |
| Usman dan Fodio | leader who sparked an Islamic revival across West Africa in the early 1800s |
| Samory Toure | leader of Malinke peoples in West Africa who formed an army that fought against French for 15 years and proclaimed himself king of Guinea |
| Muhammad Ahmad | Muslim cleric, Mahdi, led a revolt in 1881 that gave him control over much of Sudan, British sent an army to overthrow but they were overthrown |
| Yaa Asantewaa | queen of the Asantes that led the fight against the British in the last Asante war, took power after the king was exiled |
| Ham Nghi | (1871-1944) Vietnamese emperor who became emperor and was advised by vocal critics of the French which forced him to have to move around Vietnam for safety; captured in 1888 and exiled to Algeria |
| Balkan Peninsula | A large peninsula in southern Europe bounded by the Black, Aegean, and Adriatic seas. Inspired by French Revolution, Balkans wanted independence from the Ottomans |
| Vietnam | French Indochina |
| Philippines | After decades of nationalist resistance against the Spanish (& violent repression of activists) this Pacific Island nation proudly declared independence in 1898. But the Spanish had handed control over to the USA, |
| Sokoto Caliphate | large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria. |
| Sudan | British colony in East Africa |
| Asante Empire | African empire established along the Gold Coast among Akan people |
| Ghost Dance | A ritual the Sioux performed to bring back the buffalo and return the Native American tribes to their land. |
| Indian Rebellion, 1857-1858 | Massive uprising of much of India against British rule; also called the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny from the fact that the rebellion first broke out among Indian troops in British employ. |
| Philippine Revolution | The Philippine Revolution, also called the Tagalog War by the Spanish, was a revolution and subsequent conflict fought between the people and insurgents of the Philippines and the Kingdom of Spain |
| Spanish-American War | In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence |
| Philippine-American War | armed conflict between the Philippines and the United States from 1899-1902. It was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence. The Philippines declared war on the US and it became a savage conflict with guerilla warfare. |
| Maori Wars | A series of wars that took place from 1845 to 1872 between the New Zealand government and the native Maori people |
| Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement | Pivotal movement that broke the back of the Xhosa and ushered in a new era of colonial expansion and domination of South Africa by the British. The prophecy was that killing all cattle would bring back ancient chiefs and ancestors. |
| Anglo-Zulu War | War between the British Empire & the Zulu Kingdom. The war is notable for several particularly bloody battles, as well as for being a landmark in the timeline of colonialism in the region. The war ended the Zulu nation's independence.(1879) |
| Treaty of Paris 1898 | The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philipines. Cuba was freed from Spain. |
| Proclamation of 1763 | A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. |
| Treaty of Waitangi | The treaty signed by the British and Maori in 1840 giving Britain control over New Zealand. |
| Indian Removal Act | (1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River |
| Indian National Congress | group formed by Hindu nationalist leaders of India in the late 1800's to gain greater democracy and eventual self-rule |
| Cherokee nation | Native American tribe that was forced to leave their land because of the Indian Removal Act |
| Aboriginal people | People who migrated to Australia from Asia at least 40,000 years ago; the original settlers of the land. |
| Maori | indigenous people of New Zealand |
| Xhosa | the major ethnic group and language of Bantu-speakers in South Africa |
| Zulu | A people of modern South Africa whom King Shaka united beginning in 1818. |
| Mahdist Revolt | In 1882 in a revolution led by Muhammad Ahmad, 1881 had proclaimed himself the Mahdi, the person who, according to an Islamic tradition, would rid the world of evil on September 2, 1898. The Anglo-Egyptian victory brought about the complete collapse |
| Pan-Africanism | the principle or advocacy of the political union of all the indigenous inhabitants of Africa, led by Western educated Africans |
| sepoys | Indian troops who served in the British army |
| Sepoy Rebellion | The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. |
| Raj | British rule after India came under the British crown during the reign of Queen Victoria |
| Benito Juarez | Mexican national hero; brought liberal reforms to Mexico, including separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor, and an educational system for all of Mexico |
| guano | Bird droppings used as fertilizer; a major trade item of Peru in the late nineteenth century |
| cotton | During the Industrial Revolution, Britain got 80% of its cotton from the US |
| rubber | made from the latex sap trees or vines, it softens when warm and hardens when cold. |
| Vulcanization | process of treating rubber to make it more useful, developed by Charles Goodyear |
| palm oil | A West African tropical product often used to make soap; the British encouraged its cultivation as an alternative to the slave trade. |
| ivory | hard white material made from elephant tusks |
| Copper | produced in Chile, Rhodesia (Zambia), & Beligian Congo, used for telegraph cables and electrical power lines |
| Silver | produced in Mexico |
| mineral ores | a useful element that is found in a rock containing a high concentration and from which it can be extracted - often a metal eg iron, aluminium, silver |
| tin | used for canned goods, produced in Bolivia, Nigeria, Malaya, & Dutch East Indies |
| Gold | Mined in Australia, South Africa, West Africa, & Alaska |
| Diamonds | Highly valued precious stones found in South Africa among other places. |
| Cecil Rhodes | British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him |
| De Beers Mining Company | Owned by British Cecil Rhodes, this company controlled up to 90% of the world's rough diamonds. |
| cash crops | crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit |
| Export Economies | A function of international trade whereby goods produced in one country are shipped to another country for future sale or trade. |
| monocultures | large areas of land with a single plant variety |
| railroads | Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. The first were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused the construction of these to boom lasting into the 20th Century |
| steamships | ships powered by steam engines used to replaced sailing ships in the mid-19th century when refined high-efficiency engines were invented |
| telegraph | The major 19th century communication development. |
| Apartheid | Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas. |
| Cape Colony | a former province of southern South Africa that was settled by the Dutch in 1652 and ceded to Great Britain in 1814 |
| Spice Islands | Europeans' name for the Moluccas, islands rich in cloves and nutmeg - highly valued spices often traded in the Indian Ocean trade network |
| Egypt | Leading cash crop was cotton |
| Plantation Syndicate | group of British weaving companies that dictated land to use to farmers in Sudan |
| Uganda | British colony that exported cotton |
| Kikuyu | Native people in Kenya; forced onto reserves with poor soil and bad climate |
| Kenya | farmers forced to work for white farmers, Africans not allowed to participate in growing their own cash crops |
| Gold Coast | Largest cocoa producer in the world |
| Argentina | British investors turned Argentina into richest Latin American country |
| Treaty of Nanking | treaty ending the Opium War that ceded Hong Kong to the British (1842) |
| Opium War | a conflict between Britain and China, lasting from 1839 to 1842, over Britain's opium trade in China |
| opium | substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived |
| Pampas | A grasslands region in Argentina and Uruguay |
| East India Company | British joint-stock company that grew to be a state within a state in India; it possessed its own armed forces. |
| Dutch East India Company | Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies. |
| economic imperialism | Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments. |
| Culture System | Dutch colonial system which required natives to use one-fifth of their land and one-fifth of their time in growing crops for the Dutch |
| corvee labor | unpaid forced labor usually by lower classes, forced upon them by the government |
| spheres of influence | Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China) |
| banana republic | Term used to describe a Central American nation dominated by United States business interests |
| United Fruit Company | The United Fruit Company was an American corporation that traded tropical fruit, they also grew on Central and South American plantations, and sold in Europe and the United States. |
| Annexation of Hawaii | U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898 |
| Industrial Revolution | Developed demand for raw materials and technological ability to control other areas |
| Colonial crops | Opium (Great Britain), Cotton (Great Britain and other European countries), Palm oil (industrialized European countries) |
| monocrop | growing and depending on a single crop for survival and commerce |
| Slavery | Not abolished by law in Africa until the early 20th century |
| Colonial Service | managers for plantations or other colonial enterprises |
| Taiping Rebellion | (1850-1864) A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners. |
| slavery | other forms of coerced labor replaced slavery in the 19th and early 20th century |
| Indentured Servants | people who work for a set number of years before becoming free |
| contract laborers | Laborers who were forced or tricked into servitude. They were unskilled workers who were exploited as substitutes for slave labor. |
| Colonization Society | A Japanese government initiative that encouraged surplus Japanese workers to settle in colonies established by the Japanese empire in the Pacific |
| penal colony | a colony to which convicts are sent as an alternative to prison |
| convict | person serving a prison sentence |
| diaspora | A dispersion of people from their homeland |
| emigrate | To leave one country or region and settle in another |
| Great Famine | The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple. |
| Argentina | Voluntary migration from Italy, pro-immigration policies, good wages |
| Hawaii | voluntary migration from Japan, financial opportunities on sugarcane and pineapple plantations |
| United States | Voluntary migration from China, immigrants sought work in gold mines, agriculture, factories, and transcontinental railroad, immigrants from Ireland escaped Great Famine and took canal building, lumbering, and construction jobs |
| Africa | Coerced migration, forced slavery in Europe & the Americas |
| British Convicts | coerced/semi-coerced migration to Australian penal colony |
| China & India | coerced/semi-coerced migration to Caribbean, Southeast Asia, Africa, Americas, contract labor replaced slavery |
| India (indentured servants) | semi-coerced migration to Africa, Asia, Caribbean, replaced slavery |
| Gentleman's Agreement (1907-1908) | Japan's government agreed to limit emigration of unskilled workers to the United States in exchange for the repeal of the San Francisco segregation order. |
| Jewel of the Crown | the British colony of India--- so called because of its importance in the British empire, both as a supplier of raw materials and as a market for British trade goods |
| kangani system | entire families were recruited to work on tea, coffee, and rubber plantations in Ceylon, Burma, and Malaya |
| maistry system | form of labor recruitment in Southeast Asia in which laborers from Burma were recruited within a structured system with hierarchies and sent to plantations |
| French Penal Colonies | specific to the French in Africa, New Caledonia, and French Guiana; where convicts and political prisoners were sent |
| labor systems | system of labor in which people do specialized jobs |
| Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi | Political leader and spiritual leader of the Indian drive for independence from Great Britain after WWI; he stressed non violent but aggressive protesting and civil disobedience. |
| Porfirio Diaz | a dictator who dominated Mexico, permitted foriegn companies to develop natural resources and had allowed landowners to buy much of the countries land from poor peasants, promoted immigration. |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Indian migrants practiced Hinduism and contributed to Caribbean music, women took on roles traditionally held by men, Indian indentured servants worked on its sugar plantations |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | (1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. |
| Mauritius | islands off the southeast coast of Africa where many Indians went as indentured servants |
| Natal | former colony that is part of modern South Africa, Indian indentured servants worked on sugar plantations and the there |
| Guyana | Indian indentured servants worked on its sugar plantations |
| Argentine Constitution of 1853 | guaranteed foreigners same civil rights as citizens, attracted Italian immigrants |
| Chinese Immigration Act | 1855 law that limited the number of Chinese who could enter Australia |
| Chinese Immigration Regulation and Restriction Act | An attempt to restrict the number of Chinese immigrants from entering the colony of New South Wales |
| Influx of Chinese Restriction Act | Attempted to restrict Chinese immigration by means of an entrance tax |
| White Australia Policy | Before 1973, a set of stringent Australian limitations on nonwhite immigration to the country. It has been largely replaced by a more flexible policy today. |
| gold rush | a period from 1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold. |
| white-collar | a description characterizing lower-level professional and management workers and some highly skilled laborers in technical jobs, second-generation Irish immigrants held these jobs in the US |
| blue-collar | member of the working class who performs manual labor and earns an hourly wage, second-generation Irish immigrants held these jobs in the US |
| canal system | Man made extensions to rivers which will connect waterways and improve transportation. (most famous was Erie Canal) |
| Scots-Irish | A group of people who fled their home in Scotland in the 1600s to escape poverty and religious oppression. They first relocated to Ireland and then to America in the 1700s. They left their mark on the backcountry of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. |
| popular culture | Irish American immigrants participated in boxing, baseball, and vaudeville |
| ethnic enclave | A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area |
| Natal Indian Congress | Founded by Gandhi to expose to the world the rampant discrimination against Indians in South Africa. |
| kangani system | a form of labour recruitment and organisation in parts of Southeast Asia under British colonial rule, generally in operation from the early 19th century until the early 20th century, specifically the areas now known as Myanmar, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka. |
| Chinatowns | By 1900, half of America's Chinese population lived in urban areas. they were led by prominent merchants and kept the Chinese traditions alive with festival. Ethnic enclaves. |
| natavists | U.S. citizens who opposed immigration because they were suspicious of immigrants and feared losing jobs to them |
| remittances | Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries |
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