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Enlightenment Age
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Absolute Monarch - | A monarch who has absolute power and seeks to control ALL aspects of society |
| Divine Right - | Monarch derived their power from god. |
| Don Quixote (the book, and what does quixotic means??) | Cited as the first modern novel. The character of Quixote became an archetype, and the word quixotic, used to mean the impractical pursuit of idealistic goals, entered common usage. |
| Edict of Nantes - | 1589 declaration by French King Henry IV promising that Protestants could live in peace in France--- Freedom of Conscience/Religion |
| Westernization - | The process by which a country or society adopts the customs and institutions that are said to characterize the Western world. western Europe who believed that their way of life was superior. |
| Habeas Corpus | Latin- "you may have the body" A doc requiring that a prisoner be brought before a court or judge so that it can be decided whether their imprisonment is legal. |
| Constitutional Monarchy - | A system of governing in which the rulers power is limited by law. |
| The Glorious Revolution, also called “The Revolution of 1688” and “The Bloodless Revolution" and what did it established?????? -------------- ( Called “glorious” because it was completed without bloodshed. ) | William of Orange and Protestant Mary took the English throne from Catholic King James II in 1688. permanently established Parliament as the ruling power of England—and represented a shift from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy. |
| Geocentric Theory --- | The geocentric-centered view of the universe. The earth was located at the center of the universe. |
| Heliocentric Theory | The Sun was located at the center of the universe. |
| Social contract --- | An agreement between the ruled and their rulers defining the rights and duties of each. created by Jean Jacques Rousseau |
| Salon --- | A social gathering of intellectuals and artists |
| Enlightened Despot or Enlightened Absolutism | one of the 18th century European monarchs who was inspired by Enlightenment ideas to rule justly and respect the rights of subjects without creating a constitution. |
| Natural rights --- | Rights that are not dependent on the laws or customs of any particular culture or government, and so are universal, fundamental and inalienable. protected by law. |
| Encyclopedia - | reference work that contains information on all branches of knowledge or one specific branch - written by Diderot |
| Geocentric theory developed by Greek astronomer _________. This theory was supported by the Catholic Church. | Eudoxus |
| Heliocentric theory developed by ________ _________ which contradicted religious teachings of the time. | Nicolaus Copernicus |
| The idea of Separation (branches) of powers in the government was promoted by Enlightenment Thinker _____________. | Montesquieu |
| ____________ who was the king of ________ was the first king to be put on trial, convicted of _______ and _______, and beheaded. | King Charles 1 England tyranny and treason |
| Telescope was made and first used by _______ _________ to study the stars. | Galileo Galilei |
| Louis XIV of France --- | - First absolute monarch of france ¨(the state is me) - Symbolized as the ¨sun king¨ (center of france: rays of sun reflect off of monarch onto subjects) - revoked the Edict of Nantes - rules at Palace of Versailles - established France as powerful |
| The Thirty Years' War ------- | Wars in Central Europe fought between Roman Catholics and Protestants in Germany(1618-1648). lasted for thirty years. It was one of the longest, most destructive conflicts in European history. The Peace of Westphalia was a treaty that ended these Wars. |
| _______ of _______ constructed during the reign of Louis XIV (14th) in France as a testament to his power and used it to gain control of the nobility . | Palace of Versailles |
| The Seven Years' War --------> | A conflict between France and Great Britain that began in 1754 as a dispute over North American land claims in the region around Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Great Britain, Russia, & Prussia is a world power. France, Austria, & Spain reduced. |
| The English Civil Wars or The Great Rebellion ----> | A series of conflicts that took place in the 17th century. Fought between those loyal to King Charles I, and those loyal to Parliament. Resulted in the execution of Charles followed by 11 years of a commonwealth. |
| The English Bill of Rights (1689) ------------> | An act signed into law by William III and Mary II, who became co-rulers in England after the overthrow of King James II. The bill gave Parliament power over the monarchy, creates separation of powers, enhances election, and bolsters freedom of speech. |
| The scientific method -----------> | the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. Involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the results. Created by Francis Bacon. |
| Two Treatises of Government | A seminal work of political philosophy written by John Locke in 1689. A critique of Sir Robert. Locke tries to justify the fall of monarchy and a creation of a new form of government for the people. |
| Neoclassicism | a Western cultural movement in the arts that drew inspiration from the art and culture of classical, Greek and Roman, antiquity. |
| Declaration of Independence ------> | the founding document of the U.S.A, was approved by the Continental Congress on 1776, and announced the separation of 13 North American British colonies from Great Britain. Wrote by Thomas Jefferson. |
| Federal system -------> | A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states. Central is responsible for broader governance of larger areas, while states govern the issues of locals. |
| The Bill of Rights --------> | Is the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution that protect the rights and freedoms of American citizens. (freedom of speech, press, and religion.) |
| Leviathan (1651) ----------> | A Western political philosophy where Thomas Hobbes argued the necessity of an absolute monarchy to end civil wars. A metaphor for the state, a person who is made up of the bodies of its citizens. The head of the Leviathan, is the sovereign. |
| Thomas Hobbes (Enlightenment Thinker) | - English writer of Leviathan - People are naturally wicked - Government must keep order “Without government our lives would be nasty, brutish, and short!” |
| John Locke (Enlightenment Thinker) | - English writer of Two Treatises on Government - People are the source of power - Government must protect our natural rights “All people have natural rights, including life, liberty, and property.” |
| Montesquieu (Enlightenment Thinker) | - French writer of on the Spirit of Laws - Separation of powers “To become truly great, one has to stand with people, not above them.¨ |
| Voltaire (Enlightenment Thinker) | french writer on: - freedom of speech - Religious toleration - Separation of church and state “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it” |
| Jean Jacques Rousseau (Enlightenment Thinker) | - French writer of The Social Contract - Government is an agreement or contract between ruler and people “No man has any natural authority over his fellow men.” EX: voting (making an agreement for the person to rule) |
| Thomas Jefferson (Enlightenment Thinker) | - wrote Declaration of Independence that was inspired by Enlightenment ideas - third president of the U.S.A |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | - English advocate for women’s rights - Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman “Strengthen the female mind by enlarging it, and there will be an end to blind obedience.” |
| Johannes Kepler (Scientist) | - 3 laws of planetary motion - planets move in elliptical path around the Sun. - a planet cover the same area of space at the same time no matter where it is in orbit - a planet's orbital period is proportional to the size of orbit (semi-major axis) |
| Galileo Galilei | - studied the stars with his telescope - proved the heliocentric theory was correct |
| Isaac Newton | - theory of universal gravitation -the nature of white light and calculus -Developed 3 laws of motion |
| Theory of universal gravitation | - Every particle and every other particle in space pull on each other with a force proportional to their masses and the distance between them |
| 1st laws of motion | - an object will not change its motion unless a force acts on it |
| 2nd laws of motion | - the force on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration |
| 3rd laws of motion | - when two objects interact, they apply forces to each other of equal magnitude and opposite direction) |
| William Harvey | - the first person to correctly describe blood's circulation in the body. |
| Francis Bacon | He discovered and popularized the scientific method |
| Frederick the Great or King Frederick II | - King of Prussia - greatly enlarged Prussia's territories - made Prussia the foremost military power in Europe. |
| Peter the Great or King Peter I | - King of Russia - modernized Russia—which, at the start of his rule, had greatly lagged behind the Western countries—and transformed it into a major power. |
| Catherine the Great or Queen Catherine II | - Queen of Russia for 34 years - westernized Russia. - significantly expanded Russian territory. |
| William and Mary | - King and Queen of England - limited the power of Monarchies by 3 ways: - Constitutional Monarchy - Bill of Rights - Cabinet |
| Cabinet: | A third branch of government responsible for policy making. Its existence balances Parliament and the monarchy in case the Parliament thinks one way and the monarchy thinks another. The Cabinet, in other words, is the tie breaker. |
| Ivan the Terrible | - First Tsar of Russia - used terror to centralize the Russian state - his disastrous involvement in the Livonian War nearly bankrupted his newly established empire. - promoted the Orthodox Church and oriented Russian foreign policy toward Europe. |
| Oliver Cromwell --------> | - As one of the generals on the parliamentary side in the English Civil Wars against Charles I, he helped overthrow the Stuart monarchy, and introduced greater freedom of religion. - He re-established England as a major European power. |
| King Philip II of Spain | - was the self-proclaimed protector of the Roman Catholic Church. He sought to limit the spread of Protestantism |
| Miguel de Cervantes | - was the author of Don Quixote, the first major European novel |
| Rembrandt van Rijn ---------> | - born in the Netherlands - transformed the etching process - the greatest etcher in history - His most famous artworks: - Dutch Golden Age - Baroque painting |
| Eugene Delacroix ---------> | - a leading figure of the French Romantic era of the 19th century. - painted famous works: "Liberty Leading the People" and "The Death of Sardanapalus." - His vibrant use of colour and innovative techniques are considered to have liberated art |
| Johann Sebastian Bach ---------> | - greatest organist in Germany of the Baroque period - Concerto for Two Violins is one of his most famous works - renowned for his ingenious technical ability in contrapuntal composition |
| Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ---------> | - was one of the most popular composers of the classical period. - made more than 600 works - he redefined the symphony, composed some of the greatest operas ever written and lifted chamber music to new heights |
| Cardinal Richelieu | - minister for Louis XIII (13th) - centralized power in France and fought the Habsburg dynasty - weakened those who might opposed the king and strengthening royal control |
| Maria Teresa (Archduchess of Austria) | - Habsburg ruler of Austria - improved the economy of the state - introduced a national education system - contributed to important reforms in medicine. - strengthened the army - reorganized tax structure |
| First World War officially ended when ...........? | Germany signed the treaty of Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors. |
| What does this mean? Also who said this? “Létat cés moi” | I am the state." - Louis XIV |
| First country to limit a kings power with parliament | Britain |
| Who did the glorious revolution bring to england's throne? | William and Mary |
| Peter the great´s goal was to modernize Russia, and make it more like the western kingdoms. True or False? | True |
| Which Philosopher wrote about Checks and Balances? | Montesquieu |
| Which French Monarch expanded the Palace of Versailles into a center of government? | Louis XIV |
| Where in the american constitution are enlightenment ideals most prevalent? | the bill of rights |
| Voltaire was a major proponent of the concept of Freedom of speech. True or False. | True. |
| An Enlightened monarch was one who adhered strictly to Enlightenment Ideals and morals. True or False? | False Fredrick the Great and Catherine the Great were both just saying they were ¨enlightened¨ but they were not truly. |
| Jean Jacques Rousseau believed there was Social Contract between a ruler and their subjects. True or False? | True |
| Mercantilism ---- | An economic theory that advocates government regulation of international trade to generate wealth and strengthen national power. |
| French and Indian War (1754-1763) | - Britain/colonists vs France/Indians - Britain and her colonists win all French land In North America - But, because of war, Britain HUGE debt to pay |
| The Stamp Act | - 1765 - tax passed by Britain to have the colonies help pay for the war - Official stamp - Tax on printed material (pamphlets, ect.) - Colonists were outraged - ¨Taxation without representation¨ - 1773 - Boston Tea Party |
| The 3 Natural Rights are? | Life, Liberty, and Property |
| Who made the Encyclopedia? | Denis Diderot |
Created by:
Alynna
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