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Cultures Ch 16 revol
French Revolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What were the four phases of the French Revolution? | Hope (1776-89), Fear (1789-92), Terror (1792-94), and Recovery (1794-1812) |
| Who was Thomas Hobbes? | An English philosopher who was part of the Age of Enlightenment; believed in socical contract, individual freedoms should be given up for an absolute monarchy b/c humans are naturally chaotic, no rebellion. |
| Who was John Locke? | English philosopher during Age of Enlightenment; believed in people's natural rights to life, liberty, and property; government's main purpose was to protect property; citizens had right to rebel against unjust government. |
| Who were Nicholas Copernicus and Galileo Galilei? | Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who was hired by the Church to examine the Julian calendar; Galileo was an Italian mathemitician who observed the night skies and discovered the moons of Jupiter. |
| Why were they (Copernicus and Galileo) important to 15th and 16th century astronomy? | Both scientists made discoveries that went against the Catholic Church's official doctrine that the Earth was the center of the universe. |
| Why was England's revolution called the "Glorious Revolution? | James II peacefully surrendered the throne to his daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange, whom the citizens had invited to rule England. |
| What was the English Bill of Rights (1689) and why is it important? | It was Parliament's way of restricting the new monarchy (Mary and William of Orange) and stating principles that had been evolving btw the monarch and Parliament. Greatly influenced American Declaration of Independence. |
| Who were the philosophes? | A group of 18th centruy French writers and philosophers who emphasized supremacy of human reason, believed that human knowledge could solve key problems in political, economic, and social reform. |
| What was a main cause of the French Revolution? | Kings Louis XIV, XV, & XVI needed funds and thought he could get them by taxing and convening ppl in Estates-General. |
| What were the Estates-Generals of France? | Meetings of the three estates: First Estate-clergy and church officials; Second Estate- nobles and gvmt officials; Third Estate-middle class and peasants. |
| What was the Tennis Court Oath? | The Third Estate was angry b/c they were heavily taxed by the King&other Estates and weren't represented as much as the other Esatates. Formed the National Assembly and PROMISED TO WRITE NEW CONSTITUTION FOR FRANCE. |
| What happened on July 14, 1789? What did this event begin? | Bastille Day (when Parisian peasants stormed this armory and jail). Led to the Great Fear. |
| What was the Great Fear? | When peasants rose up against nobles and destroyed anything relating to class divisions (e.g. upper class buildings) or feudalism. |
| Who were the Moderates in France's government? The radicals? | Moderates- Girondins. Radicals- Jacobins. |
| What happened after Louis XVI was executed? | The Committee of Public Safety was formed to confront any uprisings and external threats to the French gvmt. |
| Who was Robespierre and what did he do? | Led the Committee of Public Safety, ruled directly after Louis XVI; guillotined anyone with different ideas; tried to institute new society called "Republic of Virtue"; and headed de-Christianization. |
| Who ended the French Revolution? | Napoleon Bonaparte seizing power in 1799. |
| What is a creole? | A white person born in Spanish America of Spanish parents in 16-18 centuries; elite, looked down on mestizos. |
| What is a mestizo? | A person of mixed race. In Central and South America, usu denotes a person of combined Indian&Euro descent. |
| What is a mulatto? | In the Americas. a person of mixed race, usu. w/ parents of Euro&African origin. |
| What is a mazombo? | Direct descendant of Portuguese settlers in the Americas. |
| What is neo-colonialism? | The control exercised by a state or group of states of the developed world over the economies and societies of the developing world. |
| What countries made up the Holy Alliances? | Prussia, Russia, and Austria. |
| What is a mythical, unwritten agreement among early ppl in a "state of nature" to estb some gvmt? | Social Contract (duties of and relationship btw ppl&ruler); created by Hobbes. |
| What is empiricism? | Theory that all knowledge originates in experience; practice of relying on direct observation of events and experience for determining reality. |
| Who discovered that planets revolve around the sun? | Johannes Kepler. |
| What 2 countries declared war on Revolutionary France? | Prussia and Austria. |
| Nobles who fled France during Great Fear? | Emigres |
| What code did Napoleon issue in 1804 that pressed for equality before law and principle of access to prof. advancement? | The Code Napolion or Civil Code |
| Which rev. was the 1st modern anti-colonial rev.? | American |
| What is enlightened despotism? | System of gvmt w/ absolute monarch (all-pwrfl over ppl) but uses the pwr for their benefit&rules w/ Enlightened ideas. |
| Who believed in individual rights, liberty of the ppl, tolerance? | Montesquieu |
| Who believed that ppl needed to follow the majority to get what they want, believed in a repressive tyranny or more radical democracy? | Rousseau |
| What type of gvmt did Locke support? | Monarchy that is approved by the ppl and follows the law. |
| What did Hobbes expect of humans and the gvmt? | Humans are naturally chaotic and disorderly: they need gvmt to keep them from state of chaos. |
| What were Montesquieu's about gvmt? | Different types of gvmts for different types of ppl. |
| Who believed that ppl could estb order through thinking and deserved individual rights? | Montesquieu |
| Who wrote Leviathan? | Thomas Hobbes |
| What were the goals at Congress of Vienna? Did the U.S. attend? | Political balance in Europe and settling disputes btw countries. No. |
| Which countries never had a revolution? | Britain, Russia, and Netherlands. |
| Where did forces defeat Napoleon in 1815? | Waterloo, Austrian Netherlands. |
| What did Rousseaus believe the gvmt should do? | Do what is best for the ppl. |
| Who was and Eng. professor who used nat. law idea to say absolute monarchy was best form of gvmt? | Hobbes |
| What was the new gvmt formed 1792? | National Convention |
| What battle was France victorious over Austria and Duke of Brunswick defeated? | Battle of Valmy |
| What was the Declaration of Rights of Man? | freedom under law, class system abolished, equality. Written by National Assembly at beginning of rev. |
| Who ws Georges Danton? | New minister of justice that rallied the sans-culottes in Paris. |
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NotecardNerd
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