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2.2.3 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| alleles | one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome. |
| autosomes | any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome. |
| benign | not harmful in effect (of a disease) |
| centromere | the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division. |
| chromatid | each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA. |
| chromosome | a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. |
| deletion mutation | a type of mutation that involves the loss of one or more nucleotides from a segment of DNA. |
| dna | the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism. |
| dominant allele | the phenomenon of one variant of a gene on a chromosome masking or overriding the effect of a different variant of the same gene on the other copy of the chromosome. |
| eukaryotic | any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus. |
| familial hypercholesterolemia | genetic disorder that affects about 1 in 250 people and increases the likelihood of having coronary heart disease at a younger age. |
| frameshift mutation | a genetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read. |
| genes | The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child. |
| genome | the haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multicellular organism. |
| genotype | the genetic constitution of an individual organism. |
| gestational diabetes | a condition characterized by an elevated level of glucose in the blood during pregnancy, typically resolving after the birth. |
| heterozygous | having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes. |
| homologous chromosomes | Two chromosomes in a pair – normally one inherited from the mother and one from the father. |
| homozygous | having inherited the same versions (alleles) of a genomic marker from each biological parent. |
| insertion mutation | a type of mutation that involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA |
| karyotype | the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species. |
| magnetic resonance image | an image obtained by magnetic resonance imaging. |
| malignant | (of a disease) very virulent or infectious. |
| meiosis | a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores. |
| messenger RNA | the form of RNA in which genetic information transcribed from DNA as a sequence of bases is transferred to a ribosome. |
| metastasis | the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer. |
| mitosis | a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth. |
| mutation | the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, |
| nondisjunction | the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, |
| nucleotides | a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA. |
| pedigree | A diagram of family history that uses standardized symbols. |
| phenotype | the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. |
| plan of care | a presentation of information that easily describes the services and support being given to a person. |
| point mutation | a mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence. |
| polymerase chain reaction | a laboratory technique for rapidly producing (amplifying) millions to billions of copies of a specific segment of DNA, |
| prognosis | the likely course of a disease or ailment. |
| protein | any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that have large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms, |
| protein synthesis | the creation of proteins by cells that uses DNA, RNA, and various enzymes. |
| Punnett square | a table in which all of the possible outcomes for a genetic cross between two individuals with known genotypes are given. |
| recessive allele | A type of allele that when present on its own will not affect the individual. |
| restriction enzyme | an enzyme produced chiefly by certain bacteria, having the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases. |
| ribonucleic acid | improve memory and mental sharpness, treat or prevent Alzheimer's disease, treat depression, increase energy, tighten skin, increase sex drive, and counteract the effects of aging. |
| sex chromosomes | a chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds. |
| silent mutation ultrasound imaging |
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