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Module 11 Lesson 2-5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What did the monastery at Cluny, France in 910 do? | In an act to return to the basic principles of the Christian religion, the reformers established new religious orders influenced by religious devotion and reverence for God. |
| What were the 3 main issues that distressed reformers? | 1. Many village priests married and had families, which was against Church rulings 2. Bishops sold positions in the Church during simonies 3. Using lay investiture, kings appointed Church bishops, which was believed to be the job of the Church |
| What was the purpose of the Papal Curia? | It created a canon law on matters such as marriage, divorce, and inheritance. The Curia decided cases based on the laws and also acted as a court to address matters of religion. |
| What were the three main orders of friars? | 1. Dominic (Dominicans)-were scholars and valued education 2. Francis (Franciscans)-treated all creatures and animals like spirit brothers/sisters 3. Hildegard (Benedictines)-formed a convent of women that lived in poverty and helped the poor. |
| What was the difference between Romanesque buildings and Gothic buildings? | Romanesque buildings were gloomy. Churches were small, had thick walls and round arches, and little light. Gothic cathedrals stood upward as if reaching heaven. Light streamed through glass windows. They had ribbed vaults, pointed arches, and tall spires. |
| There were four crusades that were fought. What were some of the motives behind them? | Religious: To reclaim holy land from Turks (Palestine/Jerusalem)/reunite the east and west through Christianity Political: Kings wants to get rid of knights that were threatening peace |
| There were four crusades that were fought. What were some of the motives behind them? (pt. 2) | Social: Winning gave the poor a chance at land, wealth, and position Economical: Merchants made profit on leasing ships and making cash loans to finance the journey |
| What were some effects of the Crusades? | Return of learning, weakened power of Church, weakened feudal nobility, knights lost their fortunes, fall of Constantinople, prejudice against Muslims left a tense legacy with Christians, more Jews were persecuted, muslim culture spread throughout Europe |
| What were some agricultural changes that occurred in 1000-1300 CE? | Warmer climate increased farm production. People switched from oxen to horsepower, used iron plows, changed from a 2 to a 3-field system, and produced more food, leading to a longer lifespan. |
| What was a guild? | An organization of individuals in the same business occupation to improve the economic and social conditions of its members. |
| What were some of the guilds? | Merchants, skilled artisans, and crafts. |
| What was the commercial revolution? | The improvement in trade and finance that increased the availability of traded goods and created new ways of doing business which changed life in Europe. |
| How did learning and education re-develop? | From trading with the Byzantine and Muslim civilizations. |
| Who was Thomas Aquinas? | The most quintessential philosopher of the Middle Ages. He believed that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument. He studied Aristotle and combined ancient Greek though with Christian thinking. |
| Who began the Capetian Dynasty and how long did the dynasty rule? | Hugh Capet (a duke from the middle of France) began the dynasty after the death of Louis the Sluggard (Carolignan). The lasted from 987 to 1328. |
| How did the Capetian dynasty unite France? | Capetian kings owned a small territory with important trade routes. The kings held on to this strategic area. The power spread outwards from France and united the country. |
| Who was one of the most powerful Capetians and why? | Philip II, ruler from 1180 to 1223, tripled France's territory after seizing Normandy and other large strips of land after 1204. Some of his land was seized from King John of England. For the first time, the king was more powerful than any of his vassals. |
| How did Louis IX strengthen the French government? | He created a French appeal court, which could veto the decisions of local courts. This strengthened the monarchy and weakened France's feudal ties at the same time. |
| Why was Philip IV involved in so many conflicts with the pope? | Because the pope refused to let priests pay taxes to the king, Philip disposed of the pope's right to control Church affairs with his kingdom. He allowed commoners to take part in meetings when he needed support on his policies. |
| How was the Estates-General like and unlike the English Parliament? | Like the Parliament, the Estates-General increased royal power against nobility. Unlike the Parliament, the Estates-General never became an independent force that limited the king's power. |
| How was the Estates-General organized? | First Estate: Church leaders Second Estate: Great lords Third Estate: Commoners, merchants, or wealthy landowners that were invited to participate in council |
| How were democratic practices becoming tradition in England and France? | The creation of common law and court systems and including commoners in decision-making processes of government were major steps to approaching democratic rule. |
| How did the Bubonic plague spread to Europe? | In 1347, a fleet of Genoese merchant chips arrived in Sicily, carrying the plague. The disease spread through Italy and followed trade routes in Spain, France, Germany, England, and even North Africa. |
| What created the plague? | Rats with fleas that were infested with Yersinia pestis bred rapidly due to the unsanitary environment. People didn't bathe and most people had fleas. The disease caused swelling of the lymph nodes, black spots on the skin, fevers, delirium, and death. |
| What caused the downfall of the feudal/manorial system? | The Black Death. Town populations plunged, trade declined, inflation took over, serfs left in search of better wages, Jews were blamed for the plague leading to massacres, and the Church suffered loss of power when prayers didn't cure the plague. |
| What marked the end of the Middle Ages? | The Hundred Years' War between England and France, which began when the last Capetian king died and England's Edward III claimed the right to the French throne. |
| What were the effects of the Hundred Years' War? | England was driven out of France (except for in Calais), warfare changed with the longbow, an end to knighthood, a feeling of nationalism, the power of the French monarch increased, England's War of Roses, where two nobles fought for the throne. |
| Why did the Middle Ages decline? | The Hundred Years' War, revival of trade and cities, revival of education, peasants rebelled, the end to feudalism, the Crusades, the beginnings of Democracy, the creation of the longbow/end of chivalry, the Great Schism, the Bubonic Plague |
| What was the goal of the Magna Carta? | To limit the cruel King John's power and to secure certain basic political rights. The revolting nobles created the document on June 15, 1215. |
| What was one of the Germanic tribes that invaded Britain? | The Kingdom of England, led by Alfred the Great, who managed to turn back Viking invaders. |
| What led to the Norman Conquest in 1066? | King Edward the Confessor's death, as there was no heir to the throne. |
| What were the results of the Normans' victory at the Battle of Hastings? | William the Conqueror was able to unify control of the lands and laid the foundation for a central government in England. |
| What were the goals of future English kings? | To hold and add land to their French lands and to strengthen their power over nobles and the Church. |
| How did Henry II strength England? | He strengthened the royal courts of justice by sending judges to parts of the country every year. The judges collected taxes, settled lawsuits, and punished crimes. He introduced a jury to the courts. |
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