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decline of empires
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| janissaries | ottoman army |
| ayan | provincial officials and landlords who took tax money for themselves |
| balkans | european peninsula in prime trading position |
| selim III | enlightened ottoman emperor |
| mahmud II | built secret army; killed janissaries; exchanged ambassadors with the west |
| ulama | religious leader |
| tanzimat reforms | western education; infrastructure focus; constitution was written; improved minorities rights; economy improved |
| hamid | conservative who stopped the tanzimat reform |
| young turks | liberal reformers; spread ideas of overthrowing the sultan; modernize ottoman empire; overthrew the sultan in 1908 |
| mamluk | slaves who served the sultan; soldiers |
| murad | leader of the mamluk; shared power in egypt |
| muhammad ali | took over egypt after french; began westernized army; invaded syria and threatened ottomans |
| khdives | successors of ali; spent tax money on wars and extravagants |
| jihad | fight against non-believers |
| al-afghani | muslim philosopher; need for westernization |
| manchu | people north of the great wall |
| nurhaci | manchu leader who united the army |
| compradors | trader for china |
| opium war | british defeated chinese; led to treaty of nanking |
| treaty of nanking | britain got hong kong, $20,000,000, trade in west, place in chinese court, extraterritoriality |
| extraterritoriality | europeans had own laws in china |
| commissioner lin | led opium war for chinese |
| taiping rebellion | led by hong xiuquan; against confucianism; end with chinese promise change |
| self-strengthening movement | bettering the infrastructure |
| boxer rebellion | revolt led by students and military officials against westerners |
| empress cixi | led self-strengthening movement |
| sun yat-sen | founder of chinese republic |
| several weak sultans, trade switched to america, outside invaders | three reasons for ottoman decline |
| removed import tax, education was western based, focus on infrastructure, written constitution | three changes with tanzimat reform |
| lowered taxes and labor demands for peasants, 10% tax went to infrastructure, peasants were encouraged to grow new crops | three changes to economy under qing in beginning |
| civil service exam corruptness, didn't pay money for infrastructure, food shortage, opium war | three reasons for qing decline |
| sultans, technology, invaders from austria and russia | ottoman empire weakness' |
| manufactured goods were cheaper, janissaries were overpaid, america had trade, most people were farmers | ottoman economy |
| got rid of janissaries, traded with west | mahmud reforms |
| austria, russia, france, british | europeans who wanted ottoman territory |
| western draft with western army leaders, western weapons, separate church and state, ports and irrigation | egypt reforms |
| rebellions like the taiping and boxer | chinese peasants reaction to lack of qing reform |
| economy changes; lowered taxes and labor for peasants, tax went to infrastructure, peasants grew new crops, improve military | reforms by manchus |
| western invaders, opium war, civil service exam, government corruption, not importance of infrastructure, famine, military spending decline | qing decline |
| 1911- Sun yat-sen made republic and tried bringing western ideas | dates of rebellions in China? Republic? |
Created by:
AnnikaPVD
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