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World History Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Huguenots | French Protestants whose freedoms were protected by Henry IV |
| mercenaries | soldiers for hire |
| guillotine | method for carrying out executions during the Reign of Terror |
| tenement | an apartment building for the working class |
| entrepreneurs | those who manage and assume the financial risk of new businesses |
| Black Death | led to wage and price increases throughout Europe |
| Queen Isabella | persecuted Jews and Muslims after the Reconquista was complete |
| Pope Gregory VII | proposed reforms to only allow the church to choose church officials |
| merchants | members of the new middle class in medieval society |
| Vikings | attacked Western Europe from the sea in the late 700s |
| King Louis IX | a religious French king who improved royal government |
| King Clovis | converted to Christianity, the religion of his subjects in Gaul |
| later Middle Ages | Catholic Church withdraws many rights that nuns had enjoyed |
| common law | applied to all of England |
| Frederick II | his military campaigns in Italy allowed German nobles to become more independent |
| First Crusade | Christians capture Jerusalem |
| universities | emerged in medieval Europe be |
| Justinian | most important achievement was Justinian's Code ("Body of Civil Law") |
| Crusades | a series of wars between Christians and Muslims for control of Middle Eastern lands |
| Venice | gained control of Byzantine trade and persuaded the crusaders to sack Constantinople |
| Constantinople | links Mediterranean and Black seas |
| Ukraine | Russia's first civilization began there |
| Mongol rule | cut Russia off from Western Europe |
| Renaissance artists | painted well-known people |
| Council of Trent | directed the Catholic Church's reform |
| Peter the Great | fought the Ottomans to gain a port on the Black Sea |
| Charles V | fought Protestants in the German state |
| Puritans | dissenters who wanted to rid the Church of England of Catholic practices |
| Frederick William I of Prussia | gave the Junkers positions in the government |
| epidemic | an outbreak of rapid-spreading disease |
| King John | English king who signed the Magna Carta |
| Thirty Years' War | led to severe depopulation of Europe |
| Reconquista | a campaign to drive Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula |
| Industrial Revolution | people migrated from rural areas to cities |
| steam power | enabled the growth of railroads |
| Laissez-faire economics | a free market will eliminate poverty |
| Utopians | established communities where work was shared and there was common property |
| Consulate | three-man governing board set up by Napoléon |
| merchants | members of the bourgeoisie |
| National Convention | (France) established a republic |
| Johann Gutenberg | started a printing revolution |
| predestination | the idea that God decided long ago who would be saved and who would not |
| Leonardo da Vinci | an artist who made sketches of flying machines centuries before the first airplane |
| Niccolò Machiavelli | wrote a guide for rulers on how to gain and keep power |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | proposed a heliocentric model of the universe |
| sect | a religious group that has broken away from an established church |
| theocracy | a government run by religious leaders |
| apprentice | a trainee in the guild system |
| charter | a document that sets out the rights and privileges of a town |
| papal supremacy | authority over all secular rulers |
| Justinian | a Byzantine emperor determined to revive ancient Rome |
| Balkan Peninsula | an area of southeastern Europe extending into the Mediterranean Sea |
| Ivan the Terrible | a tsar who left Russia seething with rebellion at the time of his death |
| Constantinople | the capital of the Byzantine Empire |
| illumination | artistic decoration of books |
| King John | signed the Magna Carta to appease rebellious nobles |
| Constantinople | commanded key trade routes |
| Ivan the Great | sought to limit the power of landowning nobles |
| Sir Thomas More | executed because he didn't accept Henry VIII as head of the Church of England |
| Renaissance | renewed interest in classical learning and the art |
| belief in both Christianity and magic | led to persecution of ¨witches¨ |
| railroads | didn't have to follow the course of a river |
| vernacular | the everyday language of ordinary people |
| Isaac Newton | showed that gravity keeps planets in orbit |
| Florence | the city that produced many Renaissance artists and scholars with the support of the Medici family |
| serf | a peasant bound to the land |
| troubadour | a wandering musician |
| St. Francis of Assisi | the founder of the first order of friars |
| knight | a mounted warrior |
| Ivan the Great | a tsar who brought much of northern Russia under his rule |
| patriarch | the highest official in the Byzantine Church |
| cabinet | high-ranking government leaders who advise the head of state |
| partition | the division of Poland among Russia, Prussia, and Austria |
| divine right | the belief that a monarch's authority comes directly from God |
| Marquis de Lafayette | head of the French National Guard who fought alongside George Washington |
| proletariat | the working class |
| anesthetic | a drug that prevents pain during surgery |
| urbanization | the movement of people to cities |
| Pope Leo III | crowned Charlemagne after he helped put down a rebellion in Rome |
| Marriage in noble society i | included negotiations over a woman's dowry |
| Serfs | remained on the land when a new lord took over the manor |
| Medieval Christians | believed that they had to receive the sacraments to achieve salvation |
| Medieval cities | were so crowded that newcomers had to settle outside the walls |
| Feudalism | a way for medieval societies to protect themselves |
| vassal | owed his first loyalty to his liege lord |
| chivalry | a code of conduct for knights |
| manor system | peasants had to stay on the land for life |
| High Middle Ages | monarchs strengthened ties with the middle class in order to gain more power |
| Hundred Years´ War | caused English rulers to search for new trading ventures overseas |
| Science in the Middle Ages | little progress was made because scholars thought that all knowledge must square with church teachings |
| William the Conqueror | required every vassal to first swear allegiance to him |
| Thomas Aquinas | wrote Summa Theologica |
| Gothic architecture | graceful spires and tall windows |
| landowners during the Black Plague | devoted less land to raising crops |
| Byzantine emperor | banned religious icons, leading to a rift between eastern and western Christianity |
Created by:
MillieTheBunny
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