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History Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Mesoamerica | Central Mexico to Honduras and Nicaragua |
| Society of Friends | Criticized the use of slaves, known as the Quakers |
| Conquistadors | Spanish explorers |
| Caravel | Prince Henry's new ship which was faster |
| Old World | Europe |
| New World | The Americas |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | divided the new world between Spain and Portugal |
| Triangular Trade | Trade between Europe, Africa, and New World |
| Middle Passage | Leg from Africa to New World carrying slave |
| Lateen Sails | Allowed the ships to sail against the wind |
| Cartographers | Mapmakers |
| Mayas | used stucco an turquoise in their building |
| Olmec | built colossal head statues |
| Olmecs | worshipped the Jaguars because they thought rain came due to them |
| Aztecs | had an empire over several million people-biggest in Central Mexico |
| Olmec | known as the mother culture |
| Mayas | used chocolate as money |
| Incas | built building where the bricks were so close together that a razor cannot fit between |
| Incas | paid taxes in gold |
| Olmecs | invented the stone ball court game |
| Mayas | had advances in Math, number system based on 5 and 20 |
| Aztecs | women were allowed to marry a commoner and children would inherit her wealth |
| Incas | strong code of conduct, murderer thrown off a cliff |
| Incas | small poxes killed most of their army of 40,000 |
| Aztecs | women allowed to join the priest hood |
| Incas, Aztecs, Olmecs, Mayas | Used Human sacrifices |
| Mayas | Used a ball game to decide who would be used in the sacrifice ceremony |
| Incas, Aztecs, Olmecs, Mayas | use hieroglyphics as their writings |
| Aztecs | Worshipped their main god Huitzilopochtli |
| Navigation Acts | Regulations of trade coming out of the colonies |
| Mercantilism | Economy system where the colonies supply the raw materials to the mother country |
| Favorable Balance of Trade | Exporting more than importing goods |
| Jamestown | 1st English permanent settlement in New World |
| Seven Years' War | Final and most decisive war in New World |
| Columbian Exchange | The exchange of food between New World and Europe |
| Lloyd's of London | 1st insurance company to protect shipping losses |
| Portuguese | Brazil was taken over by |
| Ming Dynasty | sent a fleet further than ever before to East Africa |
| Portugal and Spain | What two European countries led in exploration and colonization during the 15th and 16th centuries |
| slaves | By the 17th century the chief export from Africa to the New World was |
| Import more than you export | What was not a principle of Mercantilism |
| idea that a nation's power is related to its wealth and needs a favorable balance of trade and the colonies provide that | Mercantilism can best be described as what |
| Potatoes | What was not a plant that was transported from the Old World to the New World |
| convert natives to Catholicism, find riches for their country | Why did Spain send explorers to the New World |
| Small Pox | What disease was brought to the New World from Europe and is responsible for killing almost 90% of the natives in the New World |
| astrolabe | tool that helped the explorers to use the sun and stars to find their location |
| Spain | What country sponsored Christopher Columbus' journeys into the New World |
| Little Ice Age | caused crops to fail and populations to drop |
| Witchcraft hunts | the search for evil practices and devil's work |
| Peace of Westphalia | ended the 30 Years' War |
| Absolutism | the sovereign power rest in the hands of one ruler |
| Palace of Versailles | used by King would give powers to Parliament |
| Interregnum | Time between kings |
| Restoration Period | Returning the King to the throne |
| Commonwealth | new government sharing power with army and parliament |
| Declaration of Bredal | stated that the King would give powers to Parliament |
| Test Act | only Anglicans in the government and military offices |
| Habeas Corpus | Gives the right to know why a person was arrested and a trial |
| Glorious Revolution | the beginning of a Constitutional Monarch in England |
| Toleration Act of 1689 | It ended religious persecution for people in England |
| economic recession in the Mediterranean area, decline in the amount of silver from the New World | Inflation during the 16th and 17th century was caused by |
| fewer judges were willing to handle the trials | what was a reason why the witchcraft trials slowed downed was due to |
| four | How many phases in the 30 years' war |
| Germanic | Phase that was not in the 30 years' war |
| Bourbon and Habsburg | two dynasties involved in the 30 years' war |
| Cardinal Richelieu | Who ruled for King Louis XIII when he first took the throne at the age of 9 |
| Anne of Austria | Who was King Louis XIV regency when he came to power at the age of four |
| Edict of Fontainebleau | What did King Louis XIV issue to force the Huguenots to return to the Catholic Faith |
| Jean-Baptiste Colbert | Who did King Louis XIV turn to when he was running out of money because he wanted to increase the wealth of France through the ideas of Mercantilism and encouraging industries to grow in France |
| Ending of 30 Years' War | Ending of the Protestant Reformation is also |
| Gustavus Adolphus | first to move cannons on a battlefield |
| Cardinal Richelieu | worked under Louis XIII, chief minister |
| Cardinal Mazarin | hired by Anne of Austria to help Louis XIV |
| King Louis XIV | known as the Sun King |
| Frederick William | known as the Great Elector of Prussia |
| Frederick III | first King of Prussia known as Frederick I |
| Peter the Great | had a goal of a warm water port for Russia |
| Thomas Hobbs | believed absolutism was the best government |
| John Locke | believed in nature rights of life, liberty, and property |
| Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter movement | Why were the witch crafts started in the 16th and 17th century |
| last of the religious wars | what is the 30 Years' War known as |
| France grew stronger, Holy Roman Empire is weaker, | what happened after the 30 Years' War |
| Gustavus Adolphus | known as the Father of Modern Warfare |
| King Louis XIV | best example of absolute monarchy in the 17th century |
| Cardinal Mazarin | not liked by the French people, foreigner in their government |
| Cardinal Richelieu | strengthened the power of the French monarch through his policies and had a network of spies to keep the nobles from plotting to overthrow the monarchy |
| Peter the Great | goal was to change the traditional customs of Russia, making men shave their beards and wear shorter coats |
| King Louis XIV | built a palace that set the standards for court life throughout Europe |
| King Louis XIV | wanted only one religion in his country, he believed in "One King, One law, One Faith" |
| Peace of Augsburg | states that "who is in charge is religion", saying that whoever is ruling that is the religion of the country |
| Edict of Nantes | allowed the Huguenots to worship in France and have schools and churches |
| Defenestration | action of throwing someone out a window |
| Charles I | only English King to be beheaded in their history |
| James I | started the Stuart Dynasty |
| Charles II | known as Merry Monarch, was returned to the throne |
| Mary II | passed acts that extended rights to the English people |
| Charles I | rules England alone for 11 years after kicking Parliament out of power |
| Anne I | ended the Stuart Dynasty |
| James II | old Catholic that Parliament allowed to rule England to avoid another civil war |
| Oliver Cromwell | took the title Lord Protector of England |
| James I | cousin to Queen Elizabeth I, and she left him her throne of England |
| Mary II | took the throne from her father and rule together in a partnership |
| Toleration Act of 1689 | Catholics were not included, freedoms for other Protestants |
| English Bill of Rights | served as the foundation of the constitutional monarchy |
| Bloodless Revolution | another name for the Glorious Revolution |
| Roundheads | Parliamentarians |
| Royalist | Cavaliers |
| Divine Rights of Kings | Total power from a higher power |
| Social Contract | Believe that the government must protect the people's rights |
| Thomas Hobbs | believed that the best form of government was one leader in control to maintain law and order |
| John Locke | believed that the government got their power from the people and if the government was not protecting the people, the people had the right to overthrow the government and start a new one |
| John Locke | beliefs in government influences the Founding Fathers and the writing of the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson |
| the discovery that women had small skulls therefore small brains | what was the setback for women in the 17th century |
| Margaret Cavendish | believed that humans could never "control" or "master" nature, she wrote two books on scientific matters |
| Maria Winkelmann | trained astronomer by her father and her husband, made several discovers and yet the Berlin Academy would not hire her to be the official assistant astronomer |
| Maria Merian | known for her illustrations of insects and plants from South America, had over 60 illustrations in her book Metamorphosis |
| Rene Descartes | known as the Father of modern Rationalism |
| Philosophes | leaders of the Age of Enlightenment |
| Age of Enlightenment | time period when people asked question why? |
| Unalienable rights | rights everyone is born with no matter the social class |
| Encyclopedia | collection of philosophes essays on all topics |
| salons | gatherings for men and women to discuss Enlightened ideas |
| Rococo | stressed grace and rejected strict geometrical patterns |
| Neoclassicism | stressed the classical Greece and Rome style |
| Bach | believed that music was a way to worship the Lord, his task in life was to make music to "honor" God |
| Adam Smith | wrote the Wealth of Nations, believed the government should not interfere with the economy |
| F. Quesnay | believed that the true way to measure the wealth of a country was the amount of land the empire had and not the amount of gold and silver |
| Protestant Reformation | main reason for the increase in literacy rates during this time was |
| Paris | capital of the Enlightenment movement was |
| F. Quesnay | rejected the ideas of mercantilism with colonies |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | 2nd generation thinker who supported Locke's beliefs |
| Baron de Montesquieu | his beliefs influenced the framers of the U.S. Constitution's division of power and T. Jefferson |
| Baron de Montesquieu | wrote letters about Persian traveling in western Europe where he openly criticized the French government and the Catholic church |
| Baron de Montesquieu | believed the English government was the best example of government at the time |
| Voltaire | he was known saying "I disapproved of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say It" |
| laissez-faire | hands off the economy, let supply and demand set the economy |
| use of the scientific method to foster progress toward a "better" society | what did the intellectuals of the Enlightenment advocate |
| the rural serf/lower class | who did the philosophers not generally include |
| India and North America | what was the major scenes of battle in the Seven Years War |
| Hanoverian | what was the British royal dynasty that followed the Stuarts |
| Berlin, Germany | what place opened new schools where students were taught modern language; geography and bookkeeping to prepare the students to take over their parents' shops and for the real world |
| Austria | first country to have state sponsored primary schools was |
| Joseph II | believed that he was not successful in anything he attempted during his time as a ruler |
| Seven Years' War | first world war for some historians |
| Pragmatic Sanction | made by Charles VI to protect his daughter |
| Silesia | land taken by Prussia and refused to give it back |
| Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle | ended the war over the Austrian succession |
| Status quo | to return to original way before the war |
| Treaty of Paris of 1763 | ended the Seven Years' war in North America |
| Treaty of Hubertusburg | ended the Seven Years' War in Europe |
| Toleration Patent of 1781 | recognized religions rights to be worshipped in private |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | believed in an education for boys and girls to foster their natural instincts however he sent his own children to an orphanage |
| Voltaire | believed that God was like a clock maker and had no direct involvement in the world he had created |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | believed that women did not need to obey their husband and she wrote Vindication of the Rights of Women |
| Mary Astell | believed that there was no place for an absolute sovereignty in government then it cannot exist in marriage |
| Voltaire | known as the greatest figure of the Enlightenment movement |
| Adam Smith | believed that the government had three major functions of protecting the people from invasions and injustices and to keep up the public works |
| Salons | allowed women to elevate their position in society because the organized these |
| Italy | what country was the leading country in the rise in the number of operas and oratorio during the 18th century |
| Frederick II | War for the Austrian Succession was started by |
| Jethro Tull | known for starting the Agricultural Revolution |
| Pragmatic Sanction | when the Austrian Succession started it broke what |
| Diplomatic Sanction | turn of events that led to France joining with Austria and Russia and Great Britain joining with Prussia is known as |
| The French and Indian War | known as the greatest conflict of the Seven Years' War |
| French Revolution | belief in the ideas of equality for all and discontent within the 3rd estate were causes of what |
| instituting the Reign of Terror | Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins are best know for what |
| Nationalistic feelings were stimulated | one of the effects of the French Revolution |
| commoners | under the Old Regime in France, the burden of taxation fell mostly on who |
| signing of the Declaration of Independence | formal event which led to the break between the Americans colonies and England was what |
| employed Montesquieu's conception of the separation of powers | new United States Constitution of 1787 |
| the peasants were enthusiastic and led the way for revolutionary change | on the eve of the French Revolution what happened |
| near bankruptcy of the French Treasury | The Estates-General was convened in 1789 in order to deal with what |
| action of the 3rd estate in declaring itself to be a national Assembly | the event that constituted the start of the French Revolution was |
| Louis XVI was an enthusiastic supporter of the revolutionary events | what is incorrect regarding developments in the French Revolution prior to September 1792 |
| combat the dual threat of internal rebellion and foreign invasion | the Committee of Public Safety was established to do what |
| Louis XVI called the Estates General into session | what event related to the French Revolution occurred first |
| demand of the 3rd Estate for more political power | What issue was the cause of the French Revolution |
| restore the Old Regimes to power | At the Congress of Vienna, the governments of Europe reacted to the French Revolution and the rule of Napoleon by attempting to do what |
| inspired other people seeking democracy and independence | the American and French Revolutions were turning points in global history because the results of what revolutions |
| maintain a balance of power in Europe | what was the major goal of the Congress of Vienna |
| increasing dissatisfaction of the 3rd estate | what was the primary cause of the French Revolution |
| Louis XVI to Robespierre to Napoleon | what is the list of the French leaders in chronological order |
| there was social inequality among the three estates | what was true about France's social structure |
| Declaration of Independence | Declaration of Rights of Man is most similar to which document |
| provided ideas for making political changes | how did the American Revolution impact the French Revolution |
| 3rd estate | the majority of the people in France in the late 1700's belonged to which of the following social groups |
| all men were born free and equal in rights | the Declaration of Rights of Man stated that |
| the king using force against the National Assembly | the citizens of Paris stormed the Bastille because they feared |
| the spread of revolutionary ideas | Austria and Prussia declared war on the French because they feared |
| systematic law code | Napoleon created the Napoleonic Code which was France's first |
| a huge defeat for his army | Napoleon's invasion of Russia resulted in |
| to write a Constitution for France | the National Assembly took the Tennis Court Oath which stated their goal was |
| seizing power in a coup d'etat | Napoleon gained control of the executive authority of the French government to do what |
| it was more autocratic than that of Louis XVI, which had initially sparked the Revolution | the most ironic aspect of Napoleon's career or rule in France was that |
| Britain's ability to sustain its military and economic power | Napoleon was ultimately defeated because of |
| Ole Regime | time the nobles and king handled all the power |
| Age of Enlightenment | influenced the revolutionary movements |
| Declaration of Pillnitz | united European leaders to help King Louis XVI |
| unalienable rights | God given rights, ones that cannot be taken away |
| Social Contract | government gets power from people and people can take power |
| Quadruple Alliance | Group of countries to enforce the Congress of Vienna |
| Laissez-Faire | "hands off" government involvement |
| John Dickerson | writer of the Articles of Confederation |
| Declaration of Independence | document by Thomas Jefferson containing enlightenment ideas |
| Taille | general tax in France |
| Bourgeoisie | French upper middle class-professional people |
| National Assembly | 3rd estate who met at the Tennis Court |
| Tennis Court Oath | A pledge to make a constitution for France |
| Bastille | political jail |
| Girondists | wanted a middle-class republic like U.S. |
| Jacobins | radical city workers who wanted to dominate rule |
| National Convention | wrote a new constitution without a king in power |
| Reign of Terror | Bloody time when enemies of revolution were killed |
| Nationalism | love of one's country |
| Congress of Vienna | peace conference after fall of Napoleon |
| 1st amendment | Freedom of speech, press and religion |
| 2nd amendment | right to bear arms as part of the state military |
| 3rd amendment | cannot be forced to house troops |
| 4th amendment | all searches must have a warrant |
| 5th amendment | no double jeopardy or incriminate one self |
| 6th amendment | right to speed trial and unbiased jury |
| 7th amendment | jury in a civil case |
| 8th amendment | no cruel and unusual punishment |
| 9th amendment | safety net for the power of the people |
| 10th amendment | reserved powers for the states |
| Estates-General, National Assembly, Legislative Assembly, National Convention | What is the order for the things that happen during the French Revolution |
| National Convention | What group is responsible for the trial and the execution of King Louis XVI |
| Marie Antionette | who is the first victim of the Reign of Terror |
| Maximillian Robespierre | who is the last victim of the Reign of Terror |
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