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intercranial reg
final patho
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cerebrovascular disease | disorder within circulatory system of brain; most common cause of neurological disability resulting in ischemia or cerebral hemorrhage injury on opposite side of body |
| CNS | brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral NS | cranial nerves and spinal cord |
| Autonomic NS | regulated involuntary bodily functions |
| Cerebellum controls what? | balance |
| Broca Aphasia | language disorder after stroke with effortful speech; can understand but finding words is difficult |
| Wernicke aphasia | poor comprehension, speech is effortless but meaning is impaired |
| Circle of Willis | supplies collateral circulation to the brain in event of hidden major arteries |
| What do brain cells function on? | glucose |
| Acetycholine | slows heart rate |
| Serotonin | controls mood |
| Dopamine | controls Behavior's, cognitive, punishment/reward, motivation, working memory, attention, learning, voluntary movements |
| GABA: Gamma aminobutyric acid | controls muscle tone, anti-convulsion, and relaxation |
| Glutamate | controls Cognition, memory, and learning |
| Depolarization | sodium enters creating a positive charge |
| Repolarization | potassium leaves the cell and it returns to normal levels |
| Pons | controls motor and sensory analysis; LOC and sleep |
| Medulla oblongata | maintains vital signs, breathing, BP, HR, REM cycle |
| Hypothalamus | Controls body temp, sleep, appetite, fear, pleasure, heartbeat, vasodilation/constriction, hormone secretion |
| Intercranial pressure normal range | 5-15mmHg |
| Intercranial pressure signs of increase | Cushing's triad, aphasia, irregular breathing, Bradycardia, Hypertension, decreased LOC, pupil dilation, vomiting, Papilledema (swelling of optic nerve) |
| Monroe-Kellie hypothesis | 80% brain tissue, 10% blood volume, 10% cerebral spinal fluid; homeostasis of skull |
| Cerebral perfusion pressure | CPP= MAP-ICP; mean arterial pressure - intercranial pressure |
| Normal CPP range | 70-90 mmHg |
| Intercranial regulation | Cognitive function, mobility, perfusion, gas exchange |
| intercranial regulation exemplars | stroke, seizures, TBI |
| Stroke | brain injury resulting in death of brain tissue or ruptures cerebral blood vessels |
| GOLD STANDARD detection of stroke | CT scan |
| Ischemic stroke | Clots form; obstructed vertebral flow from embolus or thrombus and results from cerebral infarction causing death of brain tissue |
| Ischemic stroke causes | atrial fibrillation, carotid stenosis, arteriosclerosis of cerebral artery |
| 85% of strokes are what kind? | Ischemic |
| Atrial fibrillation | cardiac dysrhythmias where stria doesn't contract effectively causing blood to pool forming clots |
| Transient ischemic attack | disruption in cerebral circulation due to ischemia |
| How long does a TIA last and what kind of damage comes from it? | less than 24 hrs.; no permanent injury |
| Lacunar infarcts | warning signs and small strokes |
| Risk factors for TIA | uncontrolled diabetes, smoking, uncontrolled hypertension |
| What may develop from hemorrhagic strokes | Cushing's triad |
| Risk factors for hemorrhagic strokes | uncontrolled hypertension, oral anticoagulation, cerebral aneurysm, |
| F.A.S.T (stroke) | Face uneven, Arm hanging down, Slurred speech, Time is of the essence |
| S/s of stroke | slurred speech, loss of gag reflux, facial droop, weakness of extremities on one side of body, complete loss of function, vision loss, aphasia, headache, LOC, disoriented |
| Risk factors of stroke | Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking, obesity, lack of exercise, a-fib, oral birth control, excess alcohol, family history, age 55+, male, African American, sickle cell, past transient ischemic attack |
| Stroke treatment | CT scan (ASAP), ischemic: tPA meds |
| Focal seizure | one hemisphere affected |
| Generalized seizure | begins in one hemisphere and spreads to other side |
| Diagnosis for what requires 2 unprovoked seizures 24 hrs apart? | Epilepsy |
| Causes of epilepsy | brain tumors, cerebral vascular disease, Alzheimer's/ dementia, head trauma, genetics, infection |
| Tonic | Tense rigid muscles |
| Clonic | Sustained rhythmic jerking |
| Atonic | Weak limp muscles |
| Myoclonus | Brief muscle twitching |
| Epileptic spasm | repeated flexion and extension of whole body |
| Absence seizures | unaware non motor symptoms |
| Aura | unique sensation preceding seizure (strange odor, flash of light, confusion) |
| Ictal period | active seizure activity |
| Postictal state | Period following seizure |
| Amnesia | memory loss after seizure |
| Status epilepticus | seizure activity lasting longer than 5 min or multiple in 5 min |
| DO'S while someone is having a seizure | Move objects, support head, place client on left side, oxygen/suction if available, time seizure |
| DONT'S while someone is having a seizure | hold patient down, put anything in mouth |
| Traumatic brain injury | sudden damage to brain |
| Blunt trauma | object hits skull forcefully |
| Acceleration/Deceleration injury | skull moves forward and stops abruptly causing it to rebound off opposite side of head (car wreck) |
| Blast injury | caused by explosion; pressure wave causing accel/decel injury followed by secondary blunt or penetrating injury |
| S/s of TBI | Bony-step off, CSF coming from ears or nose, hemotympanum, battle signs, raccoon eyes, decreased LOC, Posturing is decorticate/decerebrate, increased ICP |
| CSF rhinorrhea | CSF leak from nose |
| CSF otorrhea | CSF leak from ears |
| Hemotympanum | dark blood visible behind tympanic membrane |
| Battle signs | dark bruising visible in skin over ,mastoid process |
| Raccoon eyes | dark bruising around eyes |
| Decorticate | stiff with flexed arms going towards core |
| Decerebrate | arms straight out, toes pointed, shoulders and neck arched |
| Diffuse axonal injury | common result of acceleration/deceleration injury; high incidence of persistent coma (vegetative state) and severe neurological impairment |
| Concussion | Mind TBI, resolve sin less than 10 days if mild |
| symptoms of concussion | headache, confusion, vison changes, LOC, dizziness, flat affect, poor balance, Amnesia, Vomiting |
| Cerebral contusion | Brain bruise; High risk for edema= Cushing's triad |
| Epidural hematoma | Bleed in space BELOW skull bone and ABOVE dura mater |
| Subdural hematoma | Bleed BELOW dura mater and ABOVE arachnoid membrane |
| Is Epidural hematoma rapid or slow damage? | Rapid |
| Is Subdural hematoma rapid or slow damage? | Slow |
| Acute SDH | occurs within 72 hrs of injury |
| Subacute SDH | takes several days after injury |
| Chronic SDH | present up to 3 weeks after injury |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | WORST HEADACHE EVER |
| S/s of subarachnoid hemorrhage | headache, dizziness, diplopia (double vision), orbital pain, muscle rigidity, cranial nerve dysfunction, memory loss |
| Linear skull fracture | does not affect brain tissue |
| Depressed skull fracture | skull bone penetrate skull tissue |
| Basilar skull fracture | Base of skull fracture, typically temporal bone; may collapse inner ear organs, jugular/carotid bruising |
| Cushing's triad | irregular respiration, bradycardia, hypertension |
| What artery vascularizes 80% of the brain? | Middle cerebral artery |
| What lobe is associated with reading? | parietal |
| Anticoagulants make you more prone to what? | bleeding |
| ACH helps do what? | Control heart rate and contract smooth muscles |
Created by:
Anna91715
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