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World History Final
Jensen TMU
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1494 | treaty of Tordesillas- agreement to divide the Americas |
| 1519-1521 | Hernan Cortez conquers the Aztecs in Mexico (Mexico City falls) |
| 1531-1533 | Francisco Pizarro conquers the Incas in Peru |
| 1607 | 1st successful English Settlement in North America- Jamestown, VA |
| 1620 | Carrying pilgrims, the Mayflower lands at Plymouth, MA |
| Mesopotamia | “Land between rivers” in modern-day Iraq and Syria |
| “Cradle of civilization” | Name for Mesopotamia |
| Civilization= | Culture that has attained a high degree of complexity, characterized by urban(city) life |
| City-state | Urban region and agricultural land under city control (Ur was a leader) |
| Sargon I (the great) | First substantial empire- Persian gulf to Mediterranean |
| Babylon | City prominent under Hammurabi |
| Hammurabi | Known for his law code |
| One of the longest lasting civilizations | Egypt |
| Rosetta stone | Translated Egyptian hieroglyphics |
| Old kingdom period | Age of pyramids at climax in Giza Yet lead to decline in economic because of high architecture spending |
| Kingdom divided | Israel (10 northern- Samaria) conquered by Assyria Judah (2 Southern- Jerusalem) conquered by Babylon |
| Hittites | (Asia Minor) modern turkey Alleged error in bible- Recent archaelogy Verified bible Historians practiced revisionism |
| Phoenicians (canaanites) | Mediterranean’s greatest traders, navigators, shipbuilders, colonizers Export cloth dyed purple |
| Arameans | Dominated camel caravan trade Language (Aramaic) became international language of near east |
| Assyrian | Militaristic and cruel people Ruled by terror Deported the ten tribes of Israel |
| Chaldean( Babylonian) | Joins with Medes to overthrow assyrian |
| Cyrus the great | One of the greatest conquerors in the ancient near east |
| Epic of Gilgamesh | Written before Genesis |
| Monarchy | Rule by a monarch, King or Queen, may involve a royal family |
| Greece was Influenced by geography | Mountains & Maritime (sea) |
| Minoan | Island of Crete Commercialized agriculture Prosperous trade |
| Greek Dark Ages | After destruction caused by Dorian invasion |
| Battle of Marathon | (Part of Persian Wars) Greeks defeated invading Persian army |
| Athens | Commercial and sea-faring community |
| Sparta | Similar to modern totalitarian states- subordination of the individual to the state |
| Peloponnesian War | Who would rule Greece? Athenian Navy vs. Spartan Ground troops Sparta wins |
| The Olympic games | Warring city-states called truces during games Men only at first |
| Hellenistic Age/Period | Spread Greek culture eastward by Alexander’s conquests |
| Greek beliefs | Switch from myth to philosophy |
| Plato | Founded Academy to train ruling class Theory of “Forms” |
| Aristotle | elements of deductive and inductive reasoning Laid down rules for syllogisms(deductive scheme) |
| Roman political life transitions | Republic——dictator——empire |
| Senate | Council of nobles (served for life) from Patrician class |
| What tore Rome apart? | Deterioration of cooperation and internal dissension |
| Who led military changes? | Gaius Marius- restructure the army (loyalty to general not Roman government) |
| Julius Caesar was not a nice guy | Death or enslavement of over 1 million people |
| 2nd Triumvirate (after Caesar’s death) | Mark Antony (Caesar’s lieutenant), Octavian (Caesar’s nephew), Lepidus (statesman) |
| Octavian’s legislation | Against adultery |
| Pax Romana | Roman peace |
| Tetrarchy | Four rulers |
| Constantine’s “conversion” | Due to an unlikely victory at Milvian bridge |
| New capital under Constantine | Byzantium- “Constantinople” |
| Titus | Destroyed Jerusalem and Temple |
| Rome’s contributions | Military Science—Romance Languages—Architecture and Engineering—Environment for Christianity’s Birth and Expansion |
| Fall of Rome | Only in west multiple causation |
| Barbarians | Nickname for “All tribes” Warred against themselves and sometimes Rome |
| Christ-myth | Believe that Jesus never lived-was invented |
| Pagan source that verifies Christ | Cornelius Tacitus- “Roman Annals” talk about “Christians” -got name from Christ, who was executed by sentence of the procurator Pontius Pilate in the reign of Tiberius |
| Why were Christians a target of Roman persecution | Viewed as disloyal subjects of empire- treasonous Thought to be atheists Lifestyle sharp contrast with Roman culture-refused to go to arena/theatres/public baths |
| Emperors Constantine and Licinius | Made religious freedom throughout Roman Empire with edict of Milan |
| Apologists | Sought to defend or explain Christianity |
| Polemicists | Attacked heretical ideas |
| Council of Nicaea | Held by Constantine and many bishops End of Pilgrim Church era(no longer independent of state) |
| Athanasius | Jesus has the same essence as the Father |
| Jerome | Produced Latin translation of Bible (Vulgate) later became the authorized RCC Bible |
| Augustine | Bishop of Hippo, emphasized calling of the elect Christian Philosophy of History “Whole Tenor Principle” |
| Ottoman Empire | Muslim empire of the Turks established in northern Asia Minor by Osman I Ultimately captured Constantinople |
| Advantage of Constantinople's location | it was strategically located for commercial and political influence |
| Icons | religious materials used to foster worship (pictures, mosaics) |
| Iconoclasts | people who tried to destroy all icons |
| veneration of icons | allowed and remains a large part of Eastern Orthodoxy |
| reasons for the Byzantine Empire's endurance | money economy (not barter) advanced military science (greek fire-like a flame thrower-napalm) centralized administration in empire |
| Upsurge in Papacy (rise, position, authority) | brought on by barbarian invasions |
| Pope's claims of supreme authority stem from: | Petrine Theory Apostolic Succession |
| Petrine theory | The RCC insists that Christ gave Peter a special rank as the 1st Bishop of Rome and leader of the apostles-- Peter was the first pope and all subsequent popes inherited his authority |
| Apostolic succession | refers to bishops tracing a direct line of authority through the Apostles back to Christ |
| Peter serving as Bishop of Rome | legend- never in NT |
| Gregory I (Gregory the Great) | A pope who acted as the ruler of Rome promoted clerical celibacy gave impetus to the development of the doctrine of purgatory |
| purgatory | A place or state in which are detained the souls of those who die in grace, in friendship with God, but with the blemish of venial sin or with temporal debt for sin unpaid. Here the soul is purged, cleansed, and readied for eternity with God in Heaven |
| Suffering in purgatory | physical pain and separation from God |
| Sacraments | an efficacious (productive) sign of grace |
| Holy Eucharist | (communion) heart of the Mass worship service |
| transubstantiation | at the Priest's words, the elements actually become the blood and body of Christ |
| Holy Orders | (ordination) priests are sanctioned for their work by a bishop |
| Extreme Unction | (Last Rites) given by a priest to someone near death for forgiveness of sins |
| Islam entity | not united or monolithic |
| after Muhammad's death | traditions of Hadith, the Sunnah, and Shariah have emerged to guide the community |
| Hadith | reports of the words and deeds of Muhammed and other early Muslims body of authentic Hadith reports embodies the Sunnah (custom/example) of the Prophet Muhammed |
| Sunnah(Sunna) | established custom based on Muhammed's example |
| Shariah (Shari'a) | ideal Islamic law |
| What caused the split | disagreement over Muhammed's successor |
| Sunnis | upheld principle that the Caliph(leader) owed his position to the consent of the Islamic community -Majority party in Islam |
| Shiites | believed only Muhammed's descendants/kinsmen could lead |
| Kabba | shrine in Mecca |
| Muhammed's travel | to Medina, Known as the Hegira (Hijra) "migration" Becomes starting year for the Muslim calendar |
| The Quran (Koran) | means "recite" the reciting of the revelations to Muhammed Muslims view it as the Final Revelation from God (given by Gabriel to Muhammed) and the Revealed Will of God which corrects, supersedes other revelations |
| Other Muslim beliefs | changes by social/legal climate, but males can marry up to 4 wives |
| Muslim view of Christ | He did not die on the cross-protected from crucifixion by a substitute that took his place |
| Curia | became the "college of the Cardinals"- created to select a Pope |
| Primogeniture | right of the eldest son to succeed to the estate of his father at the exclusion of all his siblings |
| Simony | buying and selling of spiritual or church benefits |
| Charlemagne | established his rule over much of the former Roman Empire in Europe |
| Vikings (norsemen) | lived in Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Denmark) |
| Feudalism | political relationship |
| structure of feudalism | lords and vassals |
| Lord | granted land (fief) to a vassal |
| Vassal | received land (fief) from the lord |
| Manorialism | economic relationship |
| where did serfs live? | on lord's manor |
| Holy Roman Empire | centered in German states and Northern Italy |
| William the Conqueror | Duke of Normandy who became King of England |
| William is not Holy Roman Emperor | he is ruler of France and England |
| Investiture Struggle | includes simony and primogeniture |
| Council of Clermont | -motivated Crusaders by the desire to earn salvation |
| Results of Crusades | -Promoted rise of towns and trade -Increased conflict between west (RCC) and East (Orthodox) churches |
| Indulgence | partial or plenary according as it removes either part or all of the temporal punishment due to sin ..."get out of jail free card" |
| Pope Innocent III | likely the most powerful pope |
| Magna Carta | "Great Charter" the idea that the law is above the king |
| Black Death | combination of bubonic and pneumonic plagues |
| plague was episodic | came in waves (rose and fell in intensity) |
| cause of Black Plague | bacterium (Yersiniz pestis)- unscientific Medieval Europeans had no true idea what was causing the carnage |
| Great Western Schism | Pope Clement took up arms against Pope Urban- attacked Rome Clement was defeated and fled to Avignon (two popes... One in Rome/ One in Avignon) |
| Solution to multiple Popes | Conciliar movement |
| Conciliar Movement | a notion that a universal council (representing the entire church) had more authority that the pope -eventually ended the RCC multi-pope dilemma |
| result of Hundred year's war | increased Nationalism- established England and France as clearly distinct nations |
| War of Roses | English Civil War- won by Henry Tudor |
| Renaissance | "rebirth" in French |
| Movement of Renaissance | across the Alps |
| Humanism | multiple dimensions... "cultural movement that emphasized the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman ideas/values |
| Secularism | the renaissance era tended to emphasize secular concerns, but it did not seek to fully exclude God |
| Individualism | a school of thought emphasizing the importance of the individual |
| Patronage | sponsorship of the arts |
| Italy was affluent | Italian leaders possessed the most disposable income for patronage |
| Florence | (Firenze) identified as the cultural center or "heart" of the renaissance life |
| Leonardo Da Vinci | true "renaissance man" (multi-talented) |
| Desiderius Erasmus | Dutch Scholar"Prince of Humanists" |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | wrote The Prince- emphasis is on what is effective, not what is ethical |
| Michelangelo Buonarroti | paints the Sistine Chapel ceiling |
| Buddhism | no gods, based on 4 Noble Truths |
| Hinduism | "henotheistic trinity" many gods but one main god- thousands of deities |
| Confucianism | may be described as "rational humanism" |
| Taoism | (Daoism) may be described as "intuitive mysticism" |
| Mencius | Brought new dimensions of human nature and government to Confucian thought |
| Legalism | embraces the pragmatic (practical as opposed to idealistic) approach |
| Conquistador | Spanish for "conqueror" Spaniards who conquered territory in New World |
| Galleon | large-hulled ship to carry cargo (Spanish galleons) |
| sea route was desirable | the overland trade route to Asia was hindered by ottoman turks |
| Caravel | ship with sails for sailing into a headwind- very fast |
| motives for exploration | god, greed, glory |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | land compromise- drawn a vertical line of demarcation |
| Portugal's claim | all land east of line |
| Spain's Claim | all land west of line |
| Vasco de Gama | sailed around Africa, then continued on to India and then returned |
| Christopher Columbus | Genoese sailor convinced Queen Isabela of Castile to support him believed that he had landed in Asia |
| Hernan Cortes | conquered the great Aztec Empire in Mexico |
| Ferdinand Magellan | crew returned to Spain having circumnavigated the globe |
| Francisco Pizarro | conquered the Inca Empire in Peru |
| Spains's settlements in the New World | grew into colonies which had the sole purpose of bolstering the Spanish Economy |
| guard ships and galleons | part of a convoy system to make voyages safer |
| St. Augustine | oldest city in the US |
| French moving to North America | few did, and the ones who did eventually moved |
| Jamestown | England's first permanent settlement |
| tobacco | cash crop |
| pilgrims | (separatists) step ashore at what we call Plymouth, Massachusetts |
| Puritans | settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony |
| Henry Hudson | searching for a Northwest passage |
| European expansion affect on native cultures | they were undermined |
| the Columbian exchange | the exchange of Old-New world plants, animals, and diseases |
| 1517-1648 | Era of the Protestant Reformation (95 Theses- Thirty Years' war) |
| 1519 | Ulrich Zwingli launches the Reformation in Zurich |
| 1534 | Henry VIII confirmed as supreme head (on earth) of the Church on Earth |
| 1545-1563 | council of Trent and the Catholic Counter-Reformation |
| 1618-1619 | Synod of Dort (formation of TULIP) |
| Erasmus of Rotterdam | "the scholar" of Europe wrote "in praise of folly" which exposes abuses in the RC church denouncing the ignorance/idleness of monks |
| what "caused" the Reformation? | corruption in the RCC monarchs/rulers strong enough (political strength) to challenge church power popularity of mysticism new intellectual climate |
| Pope Leo X | issued a plenary (full) indulgence to raise funds for the completion of St. Peter's Basilica |
| John Tetzel | begins indulgence sales in German lands- immediate cause of Reformation |
| ninety-five theses | academic points for scholarly debate |
| Luther and Huss | Luther defended Huss and some of Huss' views |
| Diet of Worms | Luther was a subject of Frederick the Wise |
| Luther's sentence | condemned as a heretic and an outlaw |
| after the diet | Luther is saved from arrest and death by a kidnapping by representatives of Frederick- taken to Wartburg Castle Luther translated the Greek NT into German |
| Act of Supremacy | made the king supreme head of the Church of England passed by English Parliament |
| Jesuits (society of Jesus) | founded by Ignatius of Loyola, took a vow expressing special loyalty to the pope |
| concentrations of the Jesuits | 1) education 2) winning back areas from protestantism 3) foreign missions |
| Anne Boleyn | executed for adultery |
| Mary I (daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon) | devoutly Catholic, tried to Lead England back to Rome |
| English King (Edward VI) | policy is shifted abruptly in a Protestant direction |
| three basic principles of biblical Christianity emphasized by Protestant movement | -Bible as sole authority (sola scripture-scripture alone) -justification by faith alone -priesthood of all believers |
| Four major ecclesiastical streams of the Reformation | Lutheran, Anglican, Reformed, Anabaptist |
| Northern Europe | Became predominantly Protestant |
| Southern Europe | remained largely Catholic |
| Anglican (Church of England) | changed very little doctrinally under Henry VIII |
| Reformed | a term used of various denominations (includes Zwingli, Calvin, and Knox) |
| Ulrich Zwingli | led the Reformation in Zurich, Switzerland |
| John Calvin | led the Reformation in Geneva, Switzerland referred to as the systematizer of the Reformation |
| John Knox | went back to Scotland |
| Synod of Dort | unanimous rejection of Arminian theology (Jesus is not equal to God) |
| T | total depravity |
| U | unconditional election |
| L | limited atonement |
| I | Irresistible grace |
| P | perseverance of the saints |
| TULIP | mnemonic device to summarize the 5 main points of Calvinism |
| Anabaptist | "radical reformation" not a single coherent group-no one person tied the movement together |
| Council of Trent | rejected the Protestant view of "scripture alone" |
| Mariolarty | Veneration of Mary- in actuality, it is the outright worship of Mary |
| Immaculate Conception | Mary was conceived without sin (free of original sin) |
| Spain | lost to the Netherlands in the Revolt of the Netherlands |
| France | ended the French Wars of Religion by signing the Edict of Nantes |
| Thirty Years' War | series of conflicts over religious, dynastic, and territorial concerns fought mainly in Germany |
| Defenestration of Prague | Prague Protestants threw two ministers and their secretary out a window |
| Peace of Westphalia | signaled that the Holy Roman Empire was effectively over |
| First Era of history | premodern |
| Second era of History | modern |
| Third era of History | postmodern |
| First era characterized by | cyclical |
| Second era characterized by | progress |
| Third era characterized by | relativism |
| biblical philosophy of History | linear, sovereignty, redemption, truth |
Created by:
Gracie Cook
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