Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
WH Final Exam
Jensen 2022 world history final exam study set
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mesopotamia is present day | Iraq and Syria |
| Mesopotamia is called the | “Cradle of Civilization” |
| A civilization is defined as a culture that | has attained a high degree of complexity, characterized by urban life |
| Sargon I built | the world’s first substantial empire |
| Babylon | a city prominent under Hammurabi |
| Hammurabi is best known for his | law code |
| Egyptians had one of the | longest-lasting civilizations in history |
| Rosetta Stone | Egyptian hieroglyphics |
| Old Kingdom Period | age of pyramids reaches zenith at Giza |
| The kingdom was divided into 2 kingdoms | Israel and Judah |
| Israel conquered by | the Assyrians |
| Judah conquered by | the Babylonians |
| Hittites | alleged to be an example of “error” in the Bible |
| archaeology verified Biblical references, doubted | historians practiced revisionism |
| Phoenicians | Mediterranean’s greatest traders, navigators, shipbuilders, & colonizers |
| Aramaeans | dominated camel caravan trade |
| Assyrian were | militaristic and cruel people |
| Chaldean | aka Babylonian |
| Cyrus the Great was one of the | greatest conquerors in the history of the ancient Near East |
| The Epic of Gilgamesh was written | before Genesis |
| Monarchy | rule by a monarch, a king or queen, may involve a royal family |
| Greeks influenced by | mountains and sea |
| Minoan civilization | island of Crete and prosperous trade |
| The Greek Dark Ages began after | a Dorian invasion |
| Persian Wars | Greeks defeated an invading Persian army at Marathon |
| Athens | a commercial and sea-faring community |
| Sparta similar to modern | totalitarian states |
| Peloponnesian War - who would control Greece | Sparta would prevail |
| The Olympic Games | - called for truces during the games - began men only |
| Greek culture would be spread eastward during what is known as the | Hellenistic Age/Period |
| Greeks beliefs/traditions moved from | mythology to philosophy |
| Plato | founded the Academy in Athens to train the ruling class |
| Aristotle | associated with elements of both deductive & inductive reasoning |
| Roman Political Life transitioned (chronologically) from | a republic, to a dictator, to an empire |
| Senate | council of nobles |
| what tore Rome apart | internal dissension |
| Gaius Marius | Military changes |
| Julius Caesar was responsible for | the death/enslavement of over 1 million people |
| after Julius Caesar’s death, an alliance of | Mark Antony, Octavian and Lepidus was formed - the second Triumvirate |
| Augustus had legislation against | adultery |
| “Pax Romana” | the Roman peace |
| Tetrarchy | a sharing of power among four rulers |
| Constantine had | victory after meeting at the Milvian Bridge |
| Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire to | Byzantium |
| Titus, laid waste to Jerusalem and the __ was destroyed | temple |
| the Roman Empire fell only in the | West – the Eastern half lived on |
| Barbarian | sometimes they warred against themselves, sometimes Rome – some bec |
| The "christ-myth" school asserts | Jesus never lived – rather that He was “invented” |
| Cornelius Tacitus | his work Roman Annals |
| why were christians a target for Roman persecution | - they were viewed as disloyal subjects of the Empire - Their lifestyle stood in sharp contrast with their Roman culture - Christians refused to go to the arena, theaters, or public baths |
| Edict of Milan | religious freedom throughout the Roman Empire |
| Apologists | sought to defend or explain Christianity |
| Polemicists | attacked heretical ideas |
| Council of Nicaea | Constantine and bishops attend |
| Three positions regarding the essence of Jesus were put forward at Nicaea | Arius Athanasius - Jesus is the same essence as the Father Eusebius |
| Jerome | Latin translation of the Bible called the Vulgate. It became the authorized Roman Catholic Bible |
| Augustine | a Christian Philosophy of History champion of "Whole Tenor Principle" |
| Ottoman Empire | Muslim empire of the Turks ultimately capture Constantinople in 145 |
| Constantinople | strategically located for commercial & political influence |
| icons | were religious images used to foster worship |
| Iconoclast (people) tried to | destroy all icons |
| the veneration of icons was allowed and they remain a part of | Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Reasons for the Byzantine Empire's endurance | - it possessed a money economy - possessed advanced military science - the Empire was a centralized administration |
| barbarian invasions brought an upsurge | in the Papacy’s rise/position/authority |
| The Pope’s claim of supreme authority is also based on these factors which slowly coalesced | Petrine Theory Apostolic succession |
| RCC legend | the NT has no mention of Peter serving as Bishop of Rome c. 30-67 AD |
| Gregory I, aka “Gregory the Great” | gave impetus to the development of the doctrine of purgatory |
| purgatory | a place in which are detained the souls debt for sin unpaid |
| suffering in purgatory | the suffering in purgatory is necessary because the person has not made complete satisfaction for sins |
| the seven sacraments | Baptism Holy Eucharist Confirmation Confession Holy Orders Extreme Unction |
| Holy Eucharist | heart of the Mass worship service transubstantiation (Def: at the priest’s words, the elements actually become the body and blood of Christ |
| Holy Orders | priests are sanctioned for their work by a bishop |
| Extreme Unction | “Last Rites” given by a priest to someone near death for forgiveness of sins |
| Buddhism has | NO gods – it is based on Four Noble Truths |
| Hinduism | possesses a type of henotheistic (many gods, but one main god) trinity – has thousands of other deities |
| confucianism | may be described as “Rational Humanism” |
| Taoism (aka Daoism) | may be described as “Intuitive Mysticism” |
| Mencius | new dimensions to Confucian thought human nature and government |
| Legalism | embraces a pragmatic (practical as opposed to idealistic) approach |
| Islam is not | a united entity |
| since the death of Muhammad, | the traditions of the Hadith, the Sunnah, & the Shariah have emerged to guide the community |
| Hadith | reports |
| Sunnah | established custom |
| shariah | ideal islamic law |
| slam’s split began | with disagreement over Muhammad’s successor – Sunnis upheld the principle that the caliph (leader) owed his position to the consent of the Islamic community – Shiites believed only Muhammad’s descendants/kinsmen could lead |
| Kabba | shrine in Mecca |
| The hegira (or Hijra) | "migration" - the starting year for the Muslim calendar |
| Quran means | recite - reciting of the revelations to Muhammad – Muslims view it as the final revelation from God |
| Other muslim beliefs | - variances given the social/legal climate - males can marry up to 4 wives (polygamy) |
| Muslim view of Jesus Christ | He did not die on the cross He was protected from crucifixion |
| Curia | - it became the "college of cardinals" - created to select a pope |
| Primogeniture | the right of an eldest son to succeed to the estate of his father at the exclusion of all his siblings |
| Simony | the buying and selling of spiritual or church benefits 25 |
| Charlemagne | established his rule over much of the former Roman Empire in Europe |
| Vikings | Norsemen who made their home in Scandinavia |
| Feudalism | political relationship |
| Lord | a grant of land (fief) to the vassal |
| Vassal | ensure law/order on the fief he received |
| manorialism | economic relationship serfs lived on the lord's manor |
| Holy Roman Empire | centered in the German states and Northern Italy |
| William the Conqueror | becoming King of England - he was not Holy Roman Emperor - he is a ruler in France and England |
| The Investiture struggle | the concepts of Simony & Primogeniture are related to investiture |
| Crusaders were motivated by the desire to | earn salvation |
| Results of the Crusades | Increased conflict between Eastern and Western churches |
| What is an indulgence | An indulgence is partial or plenary according as it removes either part or all of the temporal punishment due to sin. |
| Pope Innocent III | likely the most powerful pope |
| The Magna Carta | the idea (implied) the law is above the king |
| The Black Death | a combination of bubonic and pneumonic plagues |
| the plague was | episodic |
| Black Death cause | a bacterium |
| The Great Western Schism | one pope in Rome, one in Avignon |
| Conciliar Movement | a universal council, representing the entire church |
| the Conciliar Movement eventually | ended the RCC multi-pope dilemma |
| the hundred year war | established England & France as clearly distinct nations the war of roses |
| Henry tudor | won the war |
| The Reconquista (re-conquest) | a "crusade" designed to oust Muslims who had invaded Spain |
| Renaissance is a French word meaning | rebirth |
| the Renaissance moved across the | Alps |
| Aspects of the Renaissance | - Humanism - Secularism - Individualism |
| Italian leader possessed | disposable income for patronage of the arts |
| Florence is best identified as the | cultural center or "heart" of Renaissance life |
| Leonardo da Vinci | "Renaissance Man" (multi-talented) |
| Desiderius Erasmus | - Dutch scholar - referred to as the "Prince of Humanists" |
| Niccolò Machiavelli | wrote The Prince |
| Michelangelo | he paints the Sistine Chapel ceiling |
| Treaty of Tordesillas – agreement to divide the Americas | 1494 |
| Hernan Cortes conquers the Aztecs in Mexico (Mexico City falls) | 1519-1521 |
| Francisco Pizarro conquers the Incas in Peru | 1531-1533 |
| 1st successful English settlement in North America – Jamestown, VA | 1607 |
| Carrying pilgrims, the Mayflower lands at Plymouth, MA | 1620 |
| Conquistador | - Spanish word for "conqueror" - Spaniards who conquered territory |
| Galleon | a large-hulled ship to carry cargo - Spanish galleons |
| the overland trade route to Asia was | hindered by the Ottoman Turks – a sea route was desired |
| the caravel was a | ship |
| the caravel also | - had sails for sailing into a headwind - was fast |
| Motives for exploration | God, Greed, and Glory |
| a compromise named the | Treaty of Tortillas |
| the Treaty of Tortillas | drew a vertical line of demarcation |
| Spain got the rights to _ and Portugal got the rights to _ | - all land west of the line (S) - all land and east of the line (P) |
| Vasco da Gama | sailed around Africa, the continued on to India and returned |
| Christopher Columbus | Genoese sailor - convinced Queen Isabella of Castile to support him - believed that he had landed in Asia |
| Hernan Cortes | Cortes conquered the great Aztec Empire in Mexico |
| Magellan | crew returned to Spain having circumnavigation the globe |
| Francisco Pizarro | conquered the Inca Empire in Peru |
| Spain's settlements in the | New World grew into colonies which had the sole purpose of bolstering the Spanish economy |
| Spain developed a convoy system | guard ships and galleons to make the voyage safer - |
| St. Augustine is the | oldest city in the U.S. |
| Few French peopled moved to | - North America - many of those who did eventually left |
| Jamestown | England’s first permanent settlement |
| cash crop | tabacco |
| Pilgrims aka Separatists | step ashore at what we call Plymouth Massachusetts |
| Puritans settled the | Massachusetts Bay Colony |
| Henry Hudson | was searching for Northwest Passage |
| Era of the Protestant Reformation (95 Theses to Thirty Years’ War) | 1517-1648 |
| Ulrich Zwingli launches the Reformation in Zurich | 1519 |
| Henry VIII confirmed as supreme head (on earth) of the C. of E. | 1534 |
| Council of Trent & the Catholic Counter-Reformation | 1545-1619 |
| Synod of Dort (formation of TULIP results) | 1618-1619 |
| Erasmus of Rotterdam | - regarded as "the scholar" of Europe - he exposed abuses in the RC church - denouncing the ignorance/idleness of monks |
| what "caused" the Reformation | - corruption in the RCC - monarchs/rulers strong enough (political strength) to challenge CH power - the popularity of mysticism - a new intellectual climate |
| Pope Leo X | issued a plenary (full) indulgence to raise funds for the completion of St. Peter’s Basilica |
| John Tetzel | begins indulgence sales in German lands – the immediate cause of the Reformation |
| Martin Luther writes Ninety-Five These which is | academic points for scholars debate |
| Martin Luther defends | Huss/some of Huss' views |
| Diet of Worms | Martin Luther was a subject of Frederick the Wise |
| Martin Luther | is condemned as a heretic and an outlaw |
| upon leaving the diet, Martin Luther is saved from arrest and death via | - kidnapping by representatives of Frederick - he is taken to Warburg Castle - he translated the Greek New Testament into German |
| English Parliament passed the | Act of Supremacy which made the king the supreme head of the Church of England |
| The society of Jesus (Jesuits) founded by | Ignatius of Loyola, they took a vow expressing special loyalty to the pope |
| RCC concentrated on 3 tasks | education winning back areas from Protestantism foreign mission |
| Anne Boleyn | is executed from adultery |
| Mary I | devoutly Catholic, she tried to lead England back to Rome |
| English Edward VI | ascends (he is king) under Edward |
| English policy shifted abruptly in a | Protestant direction |
| The Protestant movement brought its followers back to three basic principles of biblical Christianity | - the Bible as the sole authority - - Justification by faith alone - priesthood of all believers |
| Sola Scriptura means | Scripture alone |
| The Four major ecclesiastical streams of the Reformation are generally recognized as: | Lutheran Anglican Reformed Anabaptist |
| geographical distribution of the Reformation Northern Europe became | predominantly Protestant |
| geographical distribution of the Reformation Southern Europe became | remained predominantly Catholic |
| Anglican or Church of England | under Henry VIII very little changed |
| Urich Zwingli | led the Reformation in Zurich, Switzerland |
| John Calvin | led the Reformation in Geneva, Switzerland - referred to as the systematizer of the Reformation |
| John Knox | went back to Scotland |
| Synod of Dort - the rejection of Arminian theology was | unanimous |
| These doctrines are known as the five points of Calvinism often symbolized by the mnemonic device TULIP | - total depravity - unconditional election - limited atonement - irresistible Grace - Perseverance of the Saints |
| Anabaptist | anabaptists were the “radical reformation” |
| anabaptists were not | a single coherent group – no one person tied the movement together |
| The council of Trent | rejected the Protestant view of “Scripture alone” & de |
| Mariolatry | the veneration (Def: reverential respect & awe, admiring deference) of Mary – in actuality, it is the outright worship of Mary |
| Components of Mariolatry | - immaculate Conception – Mary was conceived without sin (free of original sin) |
| Spain | - revolt of the Netherlands - Spain eventually lost the Netherlands conflict |
| France | ended the French Wars of Religion by singing the Edict of Nantes |
| Thirty Years' War | a series of conflicts fought mainly in Germany over religious, dynastic, and territorial concerns |
| Prague Protestants | threw two ministers & their secretary out of a window incident is termed the Defenestration of Prague |
| Peace of Westphalia | Holy Roman Empire was effectively over |
Created by:
hanbear
Popular World History sets