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AP4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Primogeniture laws | Laws that state all estate goes to the eldest son in a family |
| Omani-European rivalry | Competition between European and middle eastern traders |
| Cartography | Mapmaking |
| astronomical chart | Map of stars and galaxies |
| Maritime empires | Empires based on sea travel |
| mercantilism | Maximizing the sale or export of goods and minimizing the import or consumption of goods from other countries |
| trading post empire | An empire based on small outposts |
| Manila | Manila, Philippines - Spanish commercial center in the Philippines |
| Christopher Columbus | Explorer credited with "discovering the new world", sailed to North America in 1492 |
| Bartholomew Diaz | Sailed around the southern tip of Africa, Cape Good Hope, in 1488 |
| Vasco Da Gama | A Portuguese explorer that sailed to India in 1498, claiming part of Portugal's empire |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Spanish explorer, first to circumnavigate the globe |
| northwest passage | A route Europeans searched for that would go through or around North America that would lead to east Asia |
| Jacques Cartier | French explorer that sailed from the Atlantic Ocean into the St. Lawrence River |
| Samuel de Champlain | French explorer from 1609 to 1616 |
| John Cabot | English - funded explorer sent to America to find a northwest passage |
| Henry Hudson | Dutch explorer sent to explore the east coast of North America in 1609 |
| Quebec | French trading post established in 1608 |
| Jamestown | An English settlement founded in 1607 on the James River |
| New Amsterdam | Community settled by the Dutch, today known as New York City |
| Galleons | Spanish ships |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | Became the first European monarch to sponsor seafaring expedition to search for an all-water route to the east |
| Asante Empire | An African state supported by the expansion of maritime trading networks |
| Kingdom of the Kongo | An African state supported by the expansion of maritime trading networks |
| Ming Dynasty | Chinese dynasty that tried to limit outside influence on China by restricting trade |
| Aztec Empire | One of the largest empires in Mexico before the arrival of Europeans |
| Inca Empire | One of the largest empires in South America before the arrival of Europeans |
| New Spain | Colony established by Corté's forces after overthrowing the Aztec in 1521 |
| Mexico City | Capital built by Spain after the destruction of Tenochitlán |
| Francisco Pizarro | Spanish conquistador |
| Atahualpa | The Inca ruler Francisco Pizarro captured and killed. He was the last Inca ruler. |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | The division of South American land between Spain and Portugal in 1494 |
| Hispaniola | The name Columbus gave the island now known as Haiti |
| conquistadors | Spanish explorers and "conquerors" |
| silver | Discovered in Mexico and Peru, revived economic fortunes of explorers and settlers |
| mercantilism | Economic system that increased government control of the economy through high tariffs and the establishment of colonies |
| colonies | Claimed lands settled by immigrants from the home country |
| indentured servitude | Arrangements through which servants contracted to work for a specified period of years in exchange for passage |
| Chattel slavery | A system in which individuals were considered as property to be bought and sold |
| encomienda | A labor system in which encomenderos would make indigenous people work for them in exchange for food and shelter |
| encomenderos | Spanish landowners |
| coercive labor system | A labor system notorious for its brutality and harsh living conditions |
| Hacienda system | The usage of coerced labor to work land |
| mit'a system | Incan labor obligation: young men are required to devote a certain amount of labor to public works projects |
| Middle Passage | The passage across the Atlantic for slaves |
| smallpox | A disease that spreads through the respiratory system. |
| horse | An animal brought from Europe to the Americas. |
| conquistadores | Spanish soldiers and conquerors |
| maize | A Mesoamerican crop Europeans took back to Europe. (grain) |
| cacao | A Mesoamerican crop Europeans took back to Europe. |
| okra | A food brought by Africans to the Americas. |
| rice | A food brought by Africans to the Americas. (grain) |
| sugarcane | A crop grown in the Portuguese empire of Brazil. |
| creole | Combination of European and West African languages spoken by Africans in the Americas. |
| gumbo | A dish popular in the Southern United States with African roots. |
| Columbian Exchange | The sharing of disease, animals and food between Europe and the Americas. |
| transatlantic slave trade | The capture and selling of African slaves. |
| engenhos | Means "engine" in Portuguese and is the term used to refer to the factory-level production of sugar plantations. |
| cash crop | Crops grown for sale rather than substance, such as sugarcane or tobacco. |
| African Diaspora | Dispersion of Africans out of Africa. |
| capital | Material wealth of a country in how much gold and silver it had in its coffers |
| Commercial Revolution | The transformation to a trade-based economy using gold and silver |
| limited liability | The principle that an investor was not responsible for a company's debts or other liabilities beyond the amount of their investments |
| Price Revolution | The high rate of inflation, or general rise in prices, in the 16th and 17th century |
| joint-stock companies | Companies owned by investors who bought stock or share in them, in which people invested capital and shared profits and risks |
| East India Company | A successful British joint-stock company |
| Dutch East India Company | A successful Dutch joint-stock company that made profits in the Spice Islands and Southeast Asia |
| triangular trade | A three-part trading system between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. |
| monopoly | Granted exclusive rights to trade |
| syncretism | Combining different religious beliefs and practices |
| polygyny | The taking of more than one wife |
| creoles | People born in America of Spanish origin |
| Santéria | Means "the way of the saints" |
| Vodun | Means "spirit" or "deity" |
| Candomblé | Means "dance to honor the gods" |
| Virgin of Guadalupe | Was revered for her ability to perform miracles, cult founded around her |
| viceroys | Administrators and representatives of the Spanish crown |
| audiencias | Royal courts to which Spanish settlers could appeal viceroys' decisions or policies |
| Dahomey | African society that conducted slave raids with guns |
| Oyo | African society that conducted slave trades |
| Ndogo | African state in south central Africa, current day Angola |
| Matamba | Where Ana Nzinga and her people fled and took over after the breaking of Ndongo's alliance with Portugal |
| Black Sea | Major body of water that borders Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Africa |
| steppe | shrubby, treeless, flat land |
| Maratha Empire | An empire run by the Maratha, a Hindu warrior group. This ended the Mughal rule of India. |
| mirs | Village communes in Russia |
| Ana Nzinga | Became ruler of Ndongo in south central Africa (current Angola) in 1624 |
| Yemelyan Pugachev | A Cossack that began a peasant rebellion against Catherine the Great in 1774 |
| Queen Nanny | An escaped slave, united the maroons in Jamaica |
| James II | Became king in England in 1685 |
| William of Orange | King James's nephew and son in law, Mary II's husband |
| Mary II | William of Orange's wife, Queen of England |
| Mohegan & Pequot | Native American groups that sided with the English in Metacom's war |
| Wampanoag | Native american tribe that were subjugated to the English colonists at the end of Metacom's War |
| Fronde | Civil disturbances in France between 1648 and 1653 |
| Metacom's War (1675-1678) | Also called King Philip's War, was in part a result of English colonists using underhanded tactics in efforts to control Native American lands |
| Pugachev Rebellion | Rebellion that caused Catherine the Great to increase her oppression of the peasants in return for the support of the nobles to help her avoid future revolts |
| Pueblo Revolt | Indigenous Revolt in 1680 against the Spanish in current New Mexico |
| Maroon Wars | Slaves in the Caribbean and former Spanish territories in the Americas' fight to regain freedom (1728-1740 and 1795-1796) |
| Gloucester County Rebellion | First recorded slave revolt in the United States in Virginia in 1663 |
| Glorious Revolution | Bloodless Revolution that strengthened the power of parliament, which passed a law forbidding Catholics to rule England |
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