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ANTH 1003 Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 1. Increased control | What leads to increased population density |
| 2. control and density | what leads to more complex social institutions and specialized skills |
| 3. Mobility | What varies between adaptations based on the environmental and labor needs of the society? |
| 4. Biological and cultural | Age and sex are both _______ & _______ in societies |
| 5. kinship and location | Different societies organize through what? |
| 6. Structure | different parts of a society forming an organized whole |
| 7. Solidarity | People are linked together within a society via structures |
| 8. Solidarity of sameness | people are linked via similar beliefs, values, and behavior |
| 9. Solidarity of difference | people are different but complimentary to each other |
| 10. Make sense | categories of difference must _____ ______ to the people using them |
| 11. Easy to use | categories of different must be relatively _________ |
| 12. practical | categories of difference must be ______ and return valid results |
| 13. Race | socially constructed concept that people differ from one another based on physical traits |
| 14. Ethnicity | a socially constructed concept of identity based on a combination of culture and biology |
| 15. biological sex | physical differences between males and females |
| 16. Gender | social and cultural ways in which sexual identity is constructed |
| 17. sexual orientation | preference of gender in sexual partners, individually determined |
| 18. Kinship terminology | What determines the kinds of kin people think they have? |
| 19. Post-Marital Residence | Which particular kin do people actually live with? |
| 20. Descent | who is a member of what group |
| 21. Monogamy | Marriage to only one person at a time |
| 22. Polygamy | having more than one spouse at a time |
| 23. Hawaiian kinship | gender and generation (sister is a female of the same generation) |
| 24. Eskimo Kinship | Gender, generation, and core (sister is a female sibling) |
| 25. Iroquois Kinship | Gender, generation, and line (sister is female offspring of mothers and fathers) |
| 26. Sudanese kinship | Gender, generation, line, and core (W1 is relatives a generation above parents, X1 is relatives the same generation as parents, Y1 is relatives the same generation as ego |
| 27. Triangles | what refers to men in a family tree |
| 28. Circles | what refers to women in a family tree |
| 29. equal signs | what indicates marriage in a family tree |
| 30. vertical lines | what indicates descent in a family tree |
| 31. horizontal lines | what indicates multiple descendants in a family tree |
| 32. a box | what represents ego in a family tree |
| 33. Neolocal | couple establishes a new household separate from previous households; fresh start, "neutral" territory, avoid parental control; greater social distance between grandparents and children; household based on nuclear family |
| 34. Uxorilocal | couple resides in the wife's (pre-established) household |
| 35. Matrilocal | couple resides in the wife's family's household; closer ties to parents, children can have closer ties to grandparents; parents of children can have reduced authority in multi-generational household; if parents are separated, less disruption to children |
| 36. Virilocal | couple resides in the husband's (pre-established) household |
| 37. Patrilocal | couple resides with husband's family's household; closer ties to parents, children; can have closer ties to grandparents; parents of children can have reduced authority in multi-generational household; if seperation, grandparents can lose contact |
| 38. Avunlocal | couple resides with a different relative's household |
| 39. None or intermittent post-marital residence | couple does not reside in any household |
| 40. Vietnamese kinships | patrilineal kinship structure (different from the 4 discussed earlier), clear distinguishing line between father's and mother's family; distinguishes between parents and their siblings, distinguishes by seniority |
| 41. Cha | father, Vietnamese kinship |
| 42. Bac | Vietnamese kinship, father's oldest brother |
| 43. chu | Vietnamese kinship, father's youngest brother |
| 44. cau | Vietnamese kinship, mother's brother |
| 45. em | Vietnamese kinship, younger sibling |
| 46. anh | Vietnamese kinship, older brother |
| 47. chi | Vietnamese kinship, older sister |
| 48. Cibecue apache | matrilocal residence; among the westernmost apache in Arizona, relative isolation left more of culture intact; attachment to land, commitment to spiritual world, connections to spirits |
| 49. gowa | Cibecue apache; individual households; neolocal |
| 50. gota | Cibecue apache; clusters of households; matrilineal |
| 51. Cognates | kinship beyond the household related by blood |
| 52. Affines | kinship beyond the household related by marriage |
| 53. Kindreds | relatives from the same generation as ego, connections are through ego 1. kindreds disappear as members die, 2. groups have overlapping membership, 3. larger kindreds are more difficult to organize |
| 54. cognatic descent | all people descended from a particular ancestor are related 1. the "anchor point" does not change over time, 2. potentially large groups for older ancestors, 3. people can belong to multiple groups |
| 55. unilinear descent | individuals descended from only one parent |
| 56. Matrimonal | take last name from mother |
| 57. patrimonial | take last name from father |
| 58. lineage | group of people descended from a known ancestor; small if descent is only a few generations; large if descent is many generations; matrilineages; patrilineages |
| 59. clan | a number of lineages with some presumed historical relationship; matriclan; patriclan |
| 60. Fraternal polyandry | the marriage of a woman to two or more brothers at the same time |
| 61. sororal polygyny | the marriage of a man to two or more sisters at the same time |
| 62. Sororate | widower marries sister of his deceased wife |
| 63. Levirate | widower marries brother of her deceased husband |
| 64. Hypergamy | (a woman) marrying "up" in the social class hierarchy |
| 65. Hypogamy | (a woman) marrying "down" in the social class hierarchy |
| 66. Divorce | What retroactively changes the structure of a family? |
| 67. Adoption | What is an example of finding a creative way to ensure offspring with the death of a spouse? |
| 68. Son preference in China and Vietnam | in patrilineal societies, need to have a son to continue the family line; in china, one-child policy led to a disparity in male and female offspring; in vietnam, two-child policy led to preferences for both male and female offspring |
| 69. Same-sex marriage in North America | canada, 2005; usa, 2015; Mexico, 2017; marriage ceremony provides ritual acknowledgement of a couple for friends and relatives; marriage provides legal acknowledgement of a couple, access to benefits; marriage provides emotional fulfillment for the coupl |
| 70. Economics | the study of the production, circulation, and consumption of goods and services |
| 71. production | making of goods and services |
| 72. Circulation | distribution of goods and services |
| 73. Consumption | intake of goods and services |
| 74. resources, technology, and labor | what is combined to make products? |
| 75. expanded trade | acquisition of resources from more places, shipment of products to more places |
| 76. industrialism | shift of production from labor to technology, labor is located in the wrong places |
| 80. reciprocity, redistribution, and exchange | how do goods move through society? |
| 81. Reciprocity | give and take, sometimes considered gift-giving; circulation is based on person and social relationships between people |
| 82. redistribution | take items from production and give to recipients; group with authority decides how goods will be circulated; circulation is usually impersonal and political rather than "economic"; all members of a society do not agree that redistribution is fair |
| 83. Exchange | item or service given in exchange for another (e.g., money); circulation is primarily impersonal and economic; standard currency allows for standardized pricing |
| 84. balanced reciprocity | gift recipient should give an equivalent gift to gift giver |
| 85. generalized reciprocity | gift giver does not expect to receive a gift in return |
| 86. Barter | trade goods you have for goods you need |
| 87. gift giving in Japan | in Japan, when a gift is given between people, a return gift of similar "value" is expected; Gifts are well wrapped, and the packaging itself is considered part of the value; More elaborate gifts are packaged in multiple layers |
| 87.5. Omiyage | gifts brought from trips for friends, family, and coworkers |
| 88. firefighters in New York city | Anthropologist Miriam Lee Kaprow suggests that firefighters resist outside influences; Performing their job requires both teamwork and individual independence; The hazards of the job present independence from bureaucrats in offices; Miriam described firef |
| 89. social organization | what is politics about?; some entity with its own interests, options, obligations, and characteristics |
| 90. political systems and functions | groups have different what?; the "we" of the group are bound to a common destiny |
| 91. control, complexity, density, mobility | What are the recurring themes that political systems in different societies address? |
| 92. bands, tribes, chiefdoms, state | What are the four kinds of political systems? |
| 93. bands | political system; foragers; small, flexible, mobile social groups; few, if any, formal political roles; conflict can be resolved informally; everybody knows everybody else |
| 94. tribes | politcal system; Horticulturalists and pastoralists; Politics connected with kinship structure through lineage and clans; group; May have both internal and external conflict; Everybody knows everybody else's group; political roles based in kinship |
| 95. Chiefdoms | political system; Agriculturalists and horticulturalists; Unite people from different groups, not tied to kinship; Special political positions including a leader, or chief; Frequent internal and external conflict; Everybody knows the chief |
| 96. state | political system; Agriculturalists and industrialists; Dense populations linked to territory; Formal political organization; Greatest internal and external conflict; Everybody knows the political system |
| 97. external relations | trade and exchange, defense and attack |
| 98. internal order | complexity of society requires different means of conflict resolution; negotiation, mediation, and adjudication; custom and law; compensation and punishment; sanctions; death |
| 99. Infrastructure | means by which goods, services, information, and people are moved |
| 100. economic development | irrigation, drainage, flood control, etc. |
| 101. Transportation | roads, rails, canals, bridges: movement of people and goods |
| 102. communication | standardization across regional, linguistic, and cultural divides |
| 103. Rationality | careful assessment of issues and how to address them |
| 104. governance | system of getting things done |
| 105. Politics | system of determining location of resources, tasks to be done, who does the tasks... |
| 106. Mobilization | how to get people to do work |
| 107. Power | action using raw force, coercion |
| 108. Authority | assumed right to action |
| 109. Recruitment | find people who can balance needs of society with needs of self |
| 110. Corruption | serving personal self-interests using resources of the society |
| 111. Censorate | government officials who monitor government workers for corruption |
| 112. Inclusion | establish social solidarity across differences |
| 113. Stratification | a system that organizes people hierarchically |
| 114. Class | a particular level in a stratification system |
| 115. Caste | inherited differences in class |
| 116. Headless government of the Nuer | example of politics; Cattle-herding pastoralists, cattle are central to their way of life; Cattle exchanges are essential to marriage negotiations; Nuer move with cattle during rainy and dry seasons, so political system must be mobile; Political system is |
| 117. the Yanomami | example of politics; Located in the amazon rainforest in Brazil and Venezuela; In the 1970s, miners came looking for mineral resources and gold; Spread diseases, used force to take lands; Government kicked Yanomami supporters out of the region; Government |
| 118. physiological religion | divinities as authority figures who ease tensions and uncertainties about life |
| 119. sociological religion | provide shared meaning and activities |
| 120. economic religion | provide a group you can trust for economic exchange and trade |
| 121. binding place and time | bind people to specific places and all places; bind people to a past, present, and future and/or a cycle of time |
| 122. binding the animate and the inanimate | spirits, natural forces, natural objects; belief about the physical and spiritual worlds |
| 123. witchcraft and sorcery | willful human actors cause events to happen |
| 124. spirit world | willful spirit actors cause events to happen |
| 125. intelligent design | some super being's influences cause events to happen |
| 126. knowing what help is available | spirits (land, air, animals), ancestors, deities |
| 127. direct connection | control of spirits, supplication to spirits, spirits control of you |
| 128. mediated connection | an intermediary connects between you and the power (shamans, priests, other spirits or deities) |
| 129. ritual | is structured and repetitive (effort to perform exactly the same every time); involves special location (sacred places or objects are often involved); involves special time (time of day, marking the passing of events) |
| 130. Cibecue Apache | example of religion; Diyi — "power" from the spirit world; a good thing to have; Diyi to match the elements, animals, plants; Gan — male diyi in masked dances; changing woman— female diyi in puberty ceremonies; Sought by some individuals; diyi finds other |
| 131. Matrilineal Muslims in Indonesia | example of religion; One example are the Minangkabau of central Sumatra; World's largest matrilineal society with about 5 million people; Traditionally, longhouses with children in front and married couples in back rooms; Men travelled to cities for busin |
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adurha5
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