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World History Exam 2
Jensen TMU
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| c. 440 AD | Roman Bishop (Leo I) claims supremacy over all other bishops |
| 843 AD | Restoration of Icons in the Eastern Church |
| 1054 AD | "Great Schism" (east-west) begins (ends 1965) |
| 1204 AD | Constantinople attacked as part of the Fourth Crusade |
| 1453 AD | Constantinople falls to the Ottoman Turks |
| Canonization | in the RCC, the definitive sentence by which the pope declares a particular dead person to have already entered into heavenly glory and ordains for the new "saint" a public cult throughout the Church |
| Ottoman Empire | Muslim empire of the Turks established in northern Asia Minor by Osman I Ultimately captured Constantinople |
| Seljuk | A Turkish dynasty that ruled parts of Asia Minor |
| Byzantium | "Constantinople" presently known as Istanbul, Turkey |
| Advantage of Constantinople's location | it was strategically located for commercial and political influence |
| Periods of Byzantine History | Expansion Peril Recovery Disintegration |
| Expansion | reign of Justinian |
| Peril | the iconoclastic controversy |
| Icons | religious materials used to foster worship (pictures, mosaics) |
| Iconoclasts | people who tried to destroy all icons |
| veneration of icons | allowed and remains a large part of Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Recovery | Byzantium experiences "Golden Age" |
| Disintegration | Byzantine Empire began to fall apart lost to Muslim Seljuk Turks at Manzikert |
| reasons for the Byzantine Empire's endurance | money economy (not barter) advanced military science (greek fire-like a flame thrower-napalm) centralized administration in empire Caesaropapism-church and state link-enhanced unity and stability |
| Greek or Eastern Orthodox Church | internal witness of the promised Holy Spirit keeps the truth |
| RCC | spiritual authority in the Tradition, the pope, and scripture |
| Protestantism | spiritual authority rests in inerrant Word of God (sola Scriptura) |
| Theological emphasis of Eastern Orthodox | emphasizes Sanctification-Justification is virtually absent |
| Upsurge in Papacy (rise, position, authority) | brought on by barbarian invasions |
| Pope's claims of supreme authority stem from: | Petrine Theory Apostolic Succession |
| Petrine theory | The RCC insists that Christ gave Peter a special rank as the 1st Bishop of Rome and leader of the apostles-- Peter was the first pope and all subsequent popes inherited his authority |
| Apostolic succession | refers to bishops tracing a direct line of authority through the Apostles back to Christ |
| Papacy | office of Pope |
| Peter serving as Bishop of Rome | legend- never in NT |
| how many popes from Peter to Francis? | 266 |
| Ex-cathedra | (from the chair) when the pope speaks, it is viewed by the RCC as possessing divine authority equal to that of God in Scripture-infallible |
| Medieval World | termed "Middle Ages" |
| The Roman Catholic Church (RCC) | social cement of the Middle Ages- performed many of the record keeping, judicial, and welfare functions |
| Patrick | evangelized Ireland in 5th Century-- Fact confused by legend |
| Clovis | King of the Franks |
| Spain | fell to Arian Visigoths |
| King Recared | officially proclaimed the conversion of the people to Catholicism |
| Gregory I (Gregory the Great) | A pope who acted as the ruler of Rome promoted clerical celibacy affirmed the existence of a place of purification (purgatory) |
| purgatory | A place or state in which are detained the souls of those who die in grace, in friendship with God, but with the blemish of venial sin or with temporal debt for sin unpaid. Here the soul is purged, cleansed, and readied for eternity with God in Heaven |
| Suffering in purgatory | physical pain and separation from God |
| Sacraments | an efficacious (productive) sign of grace |
| Seven sacraments | 1) Baptism 2) Holy Eucharist 3) Penance 4) Confirmation 5) Matrimony 6) Holy Orders 7) Extreme Unction |
| Baptism | washes away the stain of Adam's original sin-Unites a person with the RCC |
| Holy Eucharist | (communion) heart of the Mass worship service |
| transubstantiation | at the Priest's words, the elements actually become the blood and body of Christ |
| Penance | (confession) priest privately listens the a person confessing sins which are then forgiven- the forgiven sinner is assigned some prayers to say or works to be done as penance |
| Confirmation | faith publicly affirmed and Holy Spirit received |
| Holy Orders | (ordination) priests are sanctioned for their work by a bishop |
| Extreme Unction | (Last Rites) given by a priest to someone near death for forgiveness of sins |
| Saints | in the RCC, some may have become canonized- pass directly into heaven |
| Relic | a religious object associated with a religious leader or the body part of such |
| c. 570-632 AD | Life of Muhammed |
| 622 AD | the Hegira (Hijra)- year 1 of the Islamic Calendar |
| c. 632-661 | beginning of the division leading to Sunni and Shiah Muslim sects |
| How many Muslims? | over 1 billion (4x population of US) |
| Islam meaning | submission |
| birth of Islam | located in the Arabian Peninsula |
| Islam entity | not united or monolithic |
| 10/40 window | locations of large Muslim communities |
| after Muhammad's death | traditions of Hadith, the Sunnah, and Shariah have emerged to guide the community |
| Hadith | reports of the words and deeds of Muhammed and other early Muslims body of authentic Hadith reports embodies the Sunnah (custom/example) of the Prophet Muhammed |
| Sunnah(Sunna) | established custom based on Muhammed's example |
| Shariah (Shari'a) | ideal Islamic law |
| What caused the split | disagreement over Muhammed's successor |
| Sunnis | upheld principle that the Caliph(leader) owed his position to the consent of the Islamic community -Majority party in Islam |
| Shiites | believed only Muhammed's descendants/kinsmen could lead -Identified with Muhammed's cousin/son-in-law Ali (4th Caliph) _saw Ali as possessing a spiritual endowment directly form Muhammed |
| Kabba | shrine in Mecca |
| Muhammed | involved in caravan trade earns enough capital to become independently wealthy |
| Beginning of Islam | according to tradition, Muhammed has a vision of Angel Gabriel, hears a voice telling him he is the "Messenger of God" |
| Muhammed's travel | to Medina, Known as the Hegira (Hijra) "migration" Becomes starting year for the Muslim calendar |
| Muhammed's march on Mecca | destroys pagan idols in the Kabba and rededicates the shrine to Islam |
| First Caliph after Muhammed's death | Abu Bakr- launches wars that will dramatically expand the Islamic world |
| Caliph | (successor)was the leader of the Muslim community |
| Umayyad(Omayyad) Muslim Dynasty | Syrian governor Muawiya kills Ali (4th Caliph) now the caliphate (land controlled by Caliph) ruled by Muawiya's family...Become known as Umayyads |
| Capital under the Umayyads | moved from Medina to Damascus |
| Abbasid Muslim Dynasty | moved capital from Damascus to Baghdad |
| Mongols | Invade Muslim lands some converted to Islam |
| The Quran (Koran) | means "recite" the reciting of the revelations to Muhammed Muslims view it as the Final Revelation from God (given by Gabriel to Muhammed) and the Revealed Will of God which corrects, supersedes other revelations |
| codified | -arranged Quran into a systematic code after Muhammad's death |
| Jihad | "struggle" 1) Greater=individual battle against sin 2) Lesser=a holy war |
| Other Muslim beliefs | changes by social/legal climate, but males can marry up to 4 wives |
| Muslim view of Christ | He did not die on the cross-protected from crucifixion by a substitute that took his place |
| 500-1500 AD | Middle Ages or Medieval Period (broken Early, High, Late) |
| 732 AD | Charles Martel defeats Muslim forces as Tours (end of Northern Expansion) |
| 800 AD | Charlemagne crowned emperor by the Pope (Christmas Day) |
| 1095-1291 AD | The era of the Crusades |
| 1215 AD | Fourth Lateran Council affirms Transubstantiation |
| Christendom | church and state fused together |
| Curia | became the "college of the Cardinals"- created to select a Pope |
| Primogeniture | right of the eldest son to succeed to the estate of his father at the exclusion of all his siblings |
| Simony | buying and selling of spiritual or church benefits |
| Franks | Germanic peoples with a kingdom located in modern France and Germany |
| Charles Martel | " the Hammer" -Served as Mayor of the Palace defeated an Islamic army near Tours |
| Pepin the Great | gave the pope territory in central Italy became known as the Papal States |
| Charlemagne | established his rule over much of the former Roman Empire in Europe enlisted 'missi dominici' traveling inspectors |
| Coronation | of Charlemagne- in Rome on Christmas Day during Mass, performed by Pope Leo III |
| Christendom under Charlemagne | took the notion of church-state cooperation (like Constantine) and attached it to Europe- Bequeathed Christendom to generations |
| Carolingian Renaissance | an intellectual revival -the nucleus was the palace school at Aachen (started by Charlemagne) |
| Europe in 8th-11th centuries | attacked by Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars |
| Vikings (norsemen) | lived in Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Denmark) |
| Actions of Vikings | terrorized coastal European peoples visited North America |
| Magyars | terrorized Europe in the early 900s stopped by Otto I and integrated into mainstream European Culture |
| Knight | any nobleman who took up arms |
| feudalism and manorialism | provided for law/order livelihood at the local level localism dominates |
| Feudalism | political relationship |
| structure of feudalism | lords and vassals |
| Lord | granted land (fief) to a vassal |
| Vassal | received land (fief) from the lord |
| Manorialism | economic relationship |
| where did serfs live? | on lord's manor |
| Holy Roman Empire | centered in German states and Northern Italy |
| Otto I | emerged as the strongest power in Europe |
| William the Conqueror | Duke of Normandy who became King of England |
| Battle of Hastings | William the conqueror defeats his rival King Harold II |
| William is not Holy Roman Emperor | he is ruler of France and England |
| Cluniac reform | a counter-decline movement began at the monastery of Cluny (in East France) |
| Investiture Struggle | includes simony and primogeniture |
| power struggle | Pope Gregory VII and German King Henry IV |
| Canossa | Henry submits to pope under pressure from nobles (prestige gain for Pope, loss for King) |
| Pope Urban II | Convened the Council of Clermont |
| Council of Clermont | -calling on Christendom to defend Holy Sepulcher from Muslim attack -motivated Crusaders by the desire to earn salvation |
| First Crusade | -destroyed villages and committed Anti-Semitic atrocities -took Jerusalem and massacred inhabitants |
| Third Crusade | undertaken after Saladin (muslim leader) took Jerusalem |
| Fourth Crusade | crusaders attacked Constantinople |
| Results of Crusades | -Promoted rise of towns and trade -Increased conflict between west (RCC) and East (Orthodox) churches |
| Indulgence | partial or plenary according as it removes either part or all of the temporal punishment due to sin ..."get out of jail free card" |
| Excommunication | cut off the individual from the church and its sacraments |
| Interdict | closed churches in a geographical area and forbade celebrating mass and other sacraments -Was designated to cause such an uproar from the masses who would fear for their salvation that the ruler would have to submit |
| the Inquisition | (holy office) an ecclesiastical court for the persecution of heresy |
| friars | latin for "brother" |
| Dominican | helped develop aspects of the present system of theology for the RCC |
| Franciscan | (founded by Francis of Assisi) missionary work in the new world- ie. Californian Missions |
| Pope Innocent III | likely the most powerful pope -claimed authority to rule the whole world |
| King John | collected dues illegally thus the barons (nobles) revolted |
| Magna Carta | "Great Charter" the idea that the law is above the king |
| Unam Sanctum | asserted there was no salvation outside of the RCC |
| Developments in Medieval Life | merchant guilds and craft guilds |
| Merchant guilds | designed to regulate commerce |
| Craft guilds | regulated professions |
| Scholasticism | the name given to the theology that developed in "Schools" |
| Scholastics | Sought to demonstrate through deductive logic why they knew to be true by faith |
| Greatest of the Scholastics | Thomas Aquinas |
| 1337-1453 | Hundred Years' War between France and England |
| 1347-1352 | Black Death (the Plague) devastates Europe (first main wave) |
| 1350-1600 | Renaissance (using a broad time span) |
| 1378-1417 | The great western schism (within RCC) |
| 1440 | movable metal type used in printing- Johann Gutenberg |
| Spanish Inquisition | organized under RC monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella to combat heresy Methods included torture, confiscation, and burning |
| Black Death | combination of bubonic and pneumonic plagues |
| major European point of entry | shipping ports of Sicily |
| plague was episodic | came in waves (rose and fell in intensity) |
| cause of Black Plague | bacterium (Yersiniz pestis)- unscientific Medieval Europeans had no true idea what was causing the carnage |
| different forms of plague | Bubonic and Pneumonic |
| Path of transmission for bubonic | rats disembark and carry fleas |
| path of transmission for pneumonic | coughing and sneezing- person to person |
| responses to Black Death | flagellants sought a purging by flogging themselves |
| Avignon Papacy | Bishop of Rome (Pope) moves from Rome to Avignon, France (under control of French Kings) |
| RCC Developments in Era of Religious Crisis | Patronage, Pluralism, Absenteeism |
| Great Western Schism | Pope Clement took up arms against Pope Urban- attacked Rome Clement was defeated and fled to Avignon (two popes... One in Rome/ One in Avignon) |
| Solution to multiple Popes | Conciliar movement |
| Conciliar Movement | a notion that a universal council (representing the entire church) had more authority that the pope -eventually ended the RCC multi-pope dilemma |
| Pisa Council | College of Cardinals elect a new Pope- neither of the other two back down or accept the decision of the council- there are now three popes (Rome, Avignon, Conciliar) |
| Council Of Constance | two of the competing popes were deposed or "resigned" |
| John Wycliffe | translated the first English Bible |
| John Huss | Prague Professor- charged with Heresy, tried, convicted, burned at the stake |
| Joan of Arc | the English burned her at the stake after she was abandoned to her fate by the French King -Eventually canonized as a RC saint |
| Hundred Years' War | France wins |
| result of Hundred year's war | increased Nationalism- established England and France as clearly distinct nations |
| War of Roses | English Civil War- won by Henry Tudor |
| Henry Tudor's eldest son | Arthur- married Catherine of Aragon and dies |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | ruling monarchs of Spain "Catholic Sovereigns" |
| Reconquista | (re-conquest) completed by Ferdinand and Isabella -a crusade to oust Muslims who had invaded Spain |
| Electors | in Germany, "princes of the Holy Roman Empire who hold the right to elect the Holy Roman Emperor, the German King" -possessed considerable independence within their domains |
| Renaissance | "rebirth" in French |
| Movement of Renaissance | across the Alps |
| Northern Renaissance | moving the renaissance north |
| High Renaissance | time when artistic work reached a "peak" of perfection |
| Humanism | multiple dimensions... "cultural movement that emphasized the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman ideas/values |
| Secularism | the renaissance era tended to emphasize secular concerns, but it did not seek to fully exclude God |
| Individualism | a school of thought emphasizing the importance of the individual |
| Where did the Renaissance Begin? | northern Italy |
| Patronage | sponsorship of the arts |
| Italy was affluent | Italian leaders possessed the most disposable income for patronage |
| Florence | (Firenze) identified as the cultural center or "heart" of the renaissance life |
| Johann Gutenberg | "invented" the movable metal type (fashioned single letters and words out of metal which could quickly be combined in trays to form words or sentences |
| Cosmo de Medici | ruled Florence- Medici family made money through banking |
| Leonardo Da Vinci | true "renaissance man" (multi-talented) |
| Girolamo Savonarola | preached against papal immorality |
| Desiderius Erasmus | Dutch Scholar"Prince of Humanists" |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | wrote The Prince- emphasis is on what is effective, not what is ethical |
| Michelangelo Buonarroti | paints the Sistine Chapel ceiling |
| Raphael | notable work: School of Athens |
| William Shakespeare | (poet and playwright) works provide a study on human personality |
| Buddhism | no gods, based on 4 Noble Truths |
| Hinduism | "henotheistic trinity" many gods but one main god- thousands of deities |
| Confucianism | may be described as "rational humanism" |
| Taoism | (Daoism) may be described as "intuitive mysticism" |
| Mencius | Brought new dimensions of human nature and government to Confucian thought |
| Legalism | embraces the pragmatic (practical as opposed to idealistic) approach |
Created by:
Gracie Cook
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