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AP HUG test review
Unit 7 test review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| industrial revolution | the term used for the transformation from an agricultural society to an industrial society as a result of new technologies and facilitated by the availability of natural resources |
| industrialization | process that occurs when countries evolve from primarily agricultural producing basic, primary goods to one based on mechanized mass manufacturing goods |
| spread of industrialization | caused food supplies to increase and populations to grow; created new industrial jobs in the cities; changed social class structures; caused investors in industry to seek out more raw materials and new markets; contributed to colonialism and imperialism |
| primary sector | economic activity that involves extracting (raw materials) or harvesting (food) products |
| examples of primary sector | agriculture, forestry, hunting/gathering, fishing, grazing (renewable); mining, quarrying (nonrenewable) |
| secondary sector | economic activity that processes raw materials and transforms them into finished goods |
| examples of secondary sector | manufacturing industries |
| tertiary sector | economic activity that provides services |
| examples of tertiary sector | health, legal, education, restaurants, stores |
| quarternary sector | economic activity that involves collecting, processing, and manipulation of information and capital |
| examples of quarternary sector | finance, insurance, computer services |
| quinary sector | economic activity consisting of high-level decision making and advancement of human capacities |
| examples of quinary sector | scientific research, higher |
| industrial revolution | the term used for the transformation from an agricultural society to an industrial society as a result of new technologies and facilitated by the availability of natural resources |
| industrialization | process that occurs when countries evolve from primarily agricultural producing basic, primary goods to one based on mechanized mass manufacturing goods |
| spread of industrialization | caused food supplies to increase and populations to grow; created new industrial jobs in the cities; changed social class structures; caused investors in industry to seek out more raw materials and new markets; contributed to colonialism and imperialism |
| primary sector | economic activity that involves extracting (raw materials) or harvesting (food) products |
| examples of primary sector | agriculture, forestry, hunting/gathering, fishing, grazing (renewable); mining, quarrying (nonrenewable) |
| secondary sector | economic activity that processes raw materials and transforms them into finished goods |
| examples of secondary sector | manufacturing industries |
| tertiary sector | economic activity that provides services |
| examples of tertiary sector | health, legal, education, restaurants, stores |
| quarternary sector | economic activity that involves collecting, processing, and manipulation of information and capital |
| examples of quarternary sector | finance, insurance, computer services |
| quinary sector | economic activity consisting of high-level decision making and advancement of human capacities |
| examples of quinary sector | scientific research, higher education, government |
| core | countries where economic power is concentrated that control and benefit from the global market on which periphery and semi-periphery countries depend |
| semi-periphery | countries that are industrializing that exert more power in the world economy than the periphery, but are dominated to some degree by the core |
| periphery | countries with low levels of economic productivity and a disproportionately small share of the world's wealth with weaker state institutions, lower standards of living and are often dependent on the core |
| markets | facilitate trade (the exchange of goods/services) |
| transportation | proximity to shipping and markets |
| shipping container | container with strength suitable to withstand shipment, storage and handling |
| intermodal container | large standardized shipping container that can be used across different modes of transportation (ship-rail-truck) |
| intermodal connections | places where two or more modes of transportation meet (air, road, rail, ship) |
| break of bulk point | the transfer of transported cargo from one kind of carrier to another (port: from ship to dock) |
| least cost theory: alfred weber | theory that describes the optimal location of an industry in relation to costs of transport, labor, and relative advantages of agglomeration; an industry is located where it can minimize its costs, and therefore maximize its profits |
| agglomeration | the clustering of business that can benefit from close proximity because they share skilled-labor |
| footloose industries | industry in which the location is not impacted by the cost of transporting either raw materials or finished products |
| development | a change in economic and social level of a country through industrialization, urbanization, and standard of living |
| LDC (less developed country) | countries with low levels of industrialization, urbanization and low standards of living that are mainly focused on primary activities, predominantly agriculture |
| NIC (newly industrialized country) | less developed countries with growing industrial economies and a developing trade status in the global marketplace (BRICS - brazil, rissia, china, south africa) |
| MDC (more developed country) | countries with highly developed economies, high levels of industrialization, urbanization, advanced technological infrastructure and high standards of living |
| post-industrial society | a society in which the economy has transitioned from a manufacturing-based economy to a service-based economy |
| GNP (gross national product) | measurement of total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country plus the net income from companies that are located outside the country and foreign investments during a specific time period, usually one year |
| GNI per capita (gross national income per capita) | measurement of the total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country plus the net income from companies that are located outside the country and foreign investments, usually one year |
| economic sectors of the economy | the percent of economic activities that a country relies on |
| formal and informal economic activity | the percent of taxed and non-taxed economic activity wihting a country |
| gini coefficient | measurement of income distribution within a population |
| use of fossil fuels and renewable energy | percent from which a country obtains its energy source |
| fertility rate | the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years (15-49) |
| infant mortality rate | number of deaths under one year of age per 1,000 live births during a given year |
| access to health care | refers to the ease with which an individual can obtain needed medical services |
| literacy rate | percent of population who can read and write |
| gender inequality | acknowledges that gender affects an individual's lived experiences; gender inequality is experienced across different cultures; tradition and culture pose obstacles to women's economic development, especially in less developed countries |
| GII (gender inequality index) | measurement that evaluates women's status in a country based on participation in economic, political, and labor-market participation, as well as reproductive health issues, indices of empowerment, and labor-market participation |
| HDI (human development index) | measurement used by the United nations to calculate development in terms of human welfare (using both economic and social indicators |
| gender parity | measurement of the relative access to education of males and females |
| objective of gender equality | a society in which women and men enjoy the same opportunities, rights and obligations in all spheres of life and is linked to sustainable development |
| role of women | changes as countries develop economically |
| rise of women in the workforce | although more women are in the workforce, they do not have equity in wages or employment opportunities |
| microloan | low interest loans usually for smaller sums of money to provide poor people to opportunity to open a small local business and is often targeted to women in less developed countries to lift them out of poverty and helps to improve standards of living |
| rostows stages of economic growth | theory that assumes all countries are capable of development along the same trajectory which encompasses five stages of linear development towards self-sustained economic growth and high levels of mass consumption |
| rostows 5 stages of economic growth | traditional society, transitional stage, take-off stage, drive to maturity stage, high mass consumption stage |
| wallersteins world systems theory (model) | model that describes how economic power is distributed between dominant regions and less powerful regions and proposes that less developed countries are defined by their dependence on a developed one |
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