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AP World 2.1 Review
AMSCO WOOHOO!
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What were the causes of the growth of networks of exchange after 1200s? | The growth of networks of exchange was caused by: Demand for luxury goods The Rise of the Mongol Empire (Safety & Unity) Improvements in transportation (Innovations) |
| By which centuries were the fabled routes revived from disuse? | By the 8th and 9th centuries |
| What merchant described the land route of the Silk Roads as vibrant and essential to interregional trade? | Peglotti |
| In which centuries did Peglotti describe the Silk Roads as vibrant and essential? | In the 14th and 15th centuries |
| In Europe and Africa, demand for what increased? | Luxury goods |
| What export did the Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants expand their production of? | Textiles and porcelains |
| What made travel safer and more practical? | Caravans |
| What did the Chinese develop to manage increasing trade? | A system using paper money |
| What kind of trade flourished on the Silk Roads? | Interregional trade |
| What events helped pave the way to expanding networks of exchange, and how? | The Crusades since lords and their armies of knights brought back fabrics and spices from the East |
| What routes remained in operation despite the inroads on the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Turks? | Silk Road trade routes and sea routes across the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean |
| Which products were China and Europe "eager for" | China was still eager for Europe's gold and silver, and Europe was growing more eager than ever for silk, tea, and rhubarb |
| What era came to an end after the collapse of classical civilizations such as the Roman and Han empires? | The first golden age of the Silk Roads |
| By the 8th and 9th centuries, who from the Abbasid Empire revived the land route of the Silk Roads and sea routes in the Indian Ocean? | Arab merchants |
| What innovations did Tang China have to offer the newly revived global trade network? | The Compass, Paper, and Gunpowder |
| What were exports of China? | Porcelain, tea, and silk |
| What were China imports? | Cotton, precious stones, pomegranates, dates, horses, and grapes |
| To whom did the luxury goods appeal to in China? | The upper class of Chinese society |
| What did this period of trade revival mark? | The second golden age of the Silk Roads |
| Who conquered the Abbasid Caliphate in 1258? | The Mongols |
| When did China come under the Mongol's control? | The 14th century |
| What became unified in a system under the control of an authority that respected merchants and enforced laws as a result of the Mongol Empire's rule? | Parts of the Silk Roads that were originally under the authority of different rulers |
| What were the Mongols able to do which increased the safety of travel on the Silk Roads? | They improved roads and punished bandits |
| New trade channels were established between where? | Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe |
| Who benefited from the reinvigoration of trade routes that hat not been heavily used since the days of the Roman and Han Empires? | Those who survived the conquests by the Mongols and their descendents |
| Who learned that traveling on caravans with others was safer than alone? | Travelers on the overland Silk Roads |
| What was designed for camels which greatly increased the weight of load the animals could carry? | Camel saddles |
| What did China make advancements to centuries earlier in naval technology that allowed for control over sea-based trade routes in the South China Sea? | The Magnetic compass, improvements on the rudder, and Chinese junks. |
| What did the magnetic compass and rudder aid in? | They helped aid navigation and ship control along the seas |
| What were characteristics of the Chinese junk? | Developed in the Han Dynasty, it was a boat similar to the Southwest Asian dhow, having multiple sails , 400ft+, triple the size of typical Western European ships. Also divided into compartments, strengthening the ship for rough voyages |
| What were the effects of the growth of networks of exchange after 1200s? | Effects of the expansion and stability of the Silk Roads include: Development of Oases and thriving cities Commercial innovations |
| What characteristic of cities allowed for them to become thriving centers of trade? | Cities along the routes that were watered by rivers due to the inhospitable terrain (hot, arid, scarce water) |
| What two cities along the Silk Roads were thriving centers of trade? | Kashgar and Samarkand |
| What crops did the Kashgar River make the land fertile for? | Wheat, rice, fruits, and cotton |
| What did travelers depend on Kashgar for? | Abundance of water and food |
| Artisans in Kashgar produced what? | Textiles, rugs, leather goods, and pottery |
| Was was sold in Kashgar's bustling market? | Its food and handicrafts |
| At the crossroads of both ideas and goods, the once primarily _____ city also became a center of _____ scholarship. | Buddhist, Islamic |
| Archaeological remains in Samarkand show the presence of what diverse religions? | Christianity, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, and Islam |
| Samarkand was known for what like Kashgar? | Its centers of Islamic learning and decorated mosques |
| What oases acted like inns along the Silk Roads once the roads became stabilized? | Caravanserai |
| How far apart were caravanserai normally distanced? | Usually 100 miles apart, this is how far camels could travel before they need water |
| What did the caravanserai permit? | Travelers could rest both themselves and their animals, sometimes even trading their animals for fresh ones |
| What does caravanserai derive from? | Persian words for caravan and palace |
| What kind of financial system had China developed from? | A barter economy, which uses commodities such as cowrie shells or salts |
| What new financial system did China develop? | A money economy, which uses money rather than bartering |
| Because copper coins were too ____ for transport and everyday interactions, the governement developed a system of credit known as ____ | unwieldy, flying cash |
| What did the flying cash system of credit allow a merchant to do? | Deposit paper money under his name in one location and withdraw the same amount at another location |
| What was established in European cities that used the model of locations for exchanging flying cash as banks of the modern era? | Banking houses |
| Where are bills of exchange? | A document stating the holder was legally promised payment of a set amount on a set date, and may receive that amount of money in exchange |
| What commercial alliance did cities in northern Germany and Scandinavia form to acquire luxury goods from Asia? | the Hanseatic League |
| Expansion of what manufactured in China motivated its ______? | iron and steal, proto-industrialization |
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