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BIO324 Pulmonary
Pulmonary system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is diaphoresis an important sign of? | respiratory distress |
| What is stridor? | a high pitched sound indicating obstruction and difficulty getting air into the lungs |
| What are Cheyne Stokes respirations? | cycle of increased breathing and apnea |
| What are Kussmaul respirations? | very rapid breathing |
| What are the components of asthma? | epithelial hyperplasia, goblet cell metaplasia, mucus plugs with eosinophils |
| What is asthma? | airway hyper-reactivity of bronchial smooth muscle, causing constriction, resulting in bronchial obstruction |
| Asthma is the genetic predisposition for the development of an *blank* mediated response to common aeroallergens | IgE |
| How can they test for asthma? | spirometry |
| How can you control asthma? | vaccinate against flu and pneumococcal pneumonia; also avoid known allergens |
| What primarily causes COPD? | smoking |
| What are symptoms of COPD? | cough, barrel chest, cyanosis, wheezing, use of accessory muscles, pursed lips, nail clubbing |
| What tests are done to diagnose COPD? | chest x-ray and spirometry |
| how is COPD managed? | 5 A's and bronchodilators |
| What are the 5 A's of COPD? | Ask about tobacco each visit, Advise them to quit, Assess willingness to quit, Assist and support, and Arrange follow up |
| What causes lung cancer? | asbestos, cigarette smoking |
| What percentage of lung cancers are caused by smoking? | 90% |
| What are common symptoms of lung cancer? | weight loss, hoarseness, and nail clubbing |
| What type of imaging is done for lung cancer? | CT scan of chest, abd, pelvis; MRI brain, bone scan, PET/CT scans |
| What causes acute respiratory distress syndrome? | long term oxygen exposure |
| What happens in ARDS? | impaired gas exchange |
| What are symptoms of ARDS? | rales, whiteout on chest x-ray |
| What are pathogens of Pneumonia? | usually strep pneumoniae, hib, moraxella catarrhalis, respiratory syncytial virus |
| What pathogen causes pneumonia in alcoholics? | Klebsiella pneumoniae |
| How long do tuberculosis droplets remain in air? | several hours |
| What is the gold standard for diagnosing TB? | sputum culture |
| How is latent TB treated? | 9 month course of isoniazid and Vitamin B6 |
| How is active TB treated? | 4 medication course, hospitalized |
| What causes Bronchiolitis? | RSV (viral infection) |
| What age group does bronchiolitis usually occur in? | 18-24 months |
| What are clinical manifestations of bronchiolitis? | congestion, pouring snot, cough, fussy |
| What is the treatment for bronchiolitis? | hydration is key |
| How is sarcoidosis diagnosed? | demonstration of non-caseating granulomas on lungs during biopsy |
| What is a granuloma? | distinct pattern of inflammation, large number of macrophages, and inflammatory exudate |
| What is seen during a physical exam of sarcoidosis? | exertional O2 desaturation, erythema nodosum, rash on the cheeks |
| What will a chest x-ray show in sarcoidosis? | bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, potato nodes |
| What will labs show in sarcoidosis? | hypercalcemia |
| What is treatment for sarcoidosis? | no treatment or symptomatic treatment with NSAIDs |
| Where do pulmonary embolisms often originate? | deep veins of lower extremities |
| What is Virchow Triad for pulmonary embolism? | venous stasis, injury to vessel wall, and hypercoagulability |
| What is the gold standard test for PE? | pulmonary angiography |
| What other test is usually elevated in PE? | D-dimer |
| What are the two biggest causes of exudates in the lungs? | bacterial pneumonia and cancer |
| How ca you diagnose pleural effusion? | chest x-ray |
| What is a common complication of sleep apnea? | Motor vehicle accidents |
| What is a risk factor for sleep apnea? | tonsillar hypertrophy |
| How is sleep apnea diagnosed? | polysomnogram (sleep study) |
| What is the gold standard treatment for sleep apnea? | Nasal C-PAP and weight loss |
Created by:
kristina2992
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