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Chapter 5
Respiratory System:Not Built from Word Parts
Term | Definition |
---|---|
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) | respiratory failure as a result of disease or injury. Respiratory failure in an adult. Symptoms include dyspnea, tachypnea, and cyanosis. |
asphxia | deprivation of oxygen for tissue use; suffocation |
asthma | respiratory disease characterized by coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath, caused by constriction and inflammation of airways that is reversible between attacks |
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | progressive lung disease obstructing air flow, which makes breathing difficult. Chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema are the two main components. Result of cigarette smoking |
coccidioidomycosis | fungal disease affecting the lungs and sometimes other organs of the body (valley fever) |
coronavirus disease (COVID-19) | respiratory infection caused by a virus with symptoms that include fever, cough, fatigue, difficulty breathing, and digestive upset; the disease course can range from mild to severe with the possibility of ARDS and multi-system organ failure |
croup | condition resulting from acute obstruction of the larynx, characterized by a barking cough, hoarseness, and stridor. It may be caused by viral or bacterial infection, allergy, or foreign body. Occurs mainly in children (laryngotracheobronchitis). |
cystic fibrosis (CF) | hereditary disorder of the exocrine glands characterized by excess mucus production in the respiratory tract, pancreatic deficiency, and other symptoms |
deviated septum | one part of the nasal cavity is smaller because of malformation or injury of the nasal septum |
diphtheria | serious bacterial infection affecting the mucous membranes of the nose and throat. Creates a thick, gray sheet covering the pharynx, which can lead to difficulty breathing, heart failure, paralysis, and even death. It is rare in developed countries. |
emphysema | loss of elasticity of the alveoli resulting in distention causing stretching of the lung. As a result, the body does not receive enough oxygen. (component of COPD) |
epistaxis | nosebleed (rhinorrhagia) |
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) | chronic progressive lung disorder characterized by increasing scarring, which reduces lung capacity, often affects adults over 50, smoking, pollutants, and heredity play role in genesis. Exertional dyspnea and dry cough, no cure |
influenza (flu) | highly contagious and often severe viral infection of respiratory tract |
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) | repetitive pharyngeal collapse during sleep, which leads to transient periods of apnea (absence of breathing); can produce daytime drowsieness and elevated blood pressure. |
pertussis | highly contagious bacterial infection of respiratory tract characterized by severe hacking cough, followed by an acute crowing inspiration or whoop. (Whooping Cough) |
pleural effusion | fluid in the pleural cavity caused by a disease process or trauma |
pulmonary edema | fluid accumulation in the alveoli and bronchioles, most often a manifestation of heart failure |
pulmonary embolism (PE) | matter foreign to the circulation, carried to the pulmonary artery and its branches, where it blocks circulation to the lungs and can be fatal if of sufficient size or number. Blood clots broken loose from the deep veins of lower extremities=common cause |
tuberculosis (TB) | infectious bacterial disease, most commonly spread by inhalation of small particles and usually affecting the lungs; may spread to other organs |
upper respiratory infection (URI) | infection of the nasal cavity, pharynx, or larynx usually caused by a virus (commonly called a cold) |
PPD skin test | TB skin test |
stethoscope | instrument used to hear internal body sounds; used for performing auscultaion and blood pressure measurement |
crackles | discontinuous sounds heard primarily with a stethoscope during inspiration that resemble the sound of the rustling of cellophane; often heard at the base of the lung posteriorly in heart failure, pneumonia, and pulmonary fibrosis (also called rales) |
effusion | escape of fluid into tissue or body cavity |
hyperventilation | ventilation of the lungs beyond normal body needs |
hypoventilation | ventilation of the lungs that does not fulfill the body's gas exchange needs |
paroxysm | periodic, sudden attack |
rhonchi | low-pitched, with a snoring quality, breath sounds heard with a stethoscope suggesting secretion in the large airways |
stridor | harsh, high-pitched breath sound heard on inspiration; indicates an acute laryngeal obstruction |
wheeze | whistling noise with a high pitch, caused by air flowing through narrowed airways. Commonly associated with asthma and chronic bronchitis |
bronchoconstrictor | agent causing narrowing of the bronchi |
bronchodilator | agent causing the bronchi to widen |
nebulizer | device that creates a mist used to deliver medication for giving respiratory treatment |
ventilator | mechanical device used to assist with or substitute for breathing |
mucopurulent | containing both mucus and pus |
patent | open, the opposite of closed or compromised, thus allowing passage of air, as in patent trachea and bronchi |
sputum | mucus from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea expelled through the mouth |
airway | passageway by which air enters and leaves the lungs as well as a mechanical device used to keep the air passageway unobstructed |
aspirate | to withdraw fluid or suction fluid; also to draw foreign material into the respiratory tract |
nosocomial infection | an infection acquired during hospitalization |