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Whole Body Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| anterior | pertaining to the front of the body or toward the belly of the body |
| posterior | pertaining to the back of the body |
| ventral | of or pertaining to a position toward the belly of the body; frontward; anterior |
| dorsal | pertaining to the back or posterior |
| medial | toward the midline of the body |
| superior | above or upward toward the head |
| inferior | below or downward the tail or feet |
| cranial | pertaining to the head |
| caudal | pertaining to the tail |
| proximal | toward or nearest to the trunk of the body or nearest to the point of attachment of a body part |
| anaplasia | a change in the structure and orientation of cells, characterized by a loss of differentiation and reversion to a more primitive form. |
| anatomical position | the standard reference position for the body as a whole: the person is standing with arms at the sides and palms turned forward; the individual's head and feet are also pointing forward |
| aplasia | a development failure resulting in the absence of any organ or tissue |
| cardiac muscle | the muscle that makes up the muscular wall of the heart |
| cell | the smallest and most numerous structural unit of living matter |
| cell membrane | the semipermeable barrier that is the outer covering of a cell |
| cervical vertebrae | the first seven segments of the spinal column; identified as C1 through C7 |
| chromosomes | the threadlike structures within the nucleus that control the functions of growth, repair, and reproduction for the body |
| coccyx | the tailbone. located at the end of the vertebral column, the coccyx results from the fusion of four individual coccygeal bones in the child. |
| connective tissue | tissue that supports and binds other body tissue and parts |
| cranial cavity | the cavity that contains the brain |
| cytology | the study of cells |
| cytoplasm | a gel-like substance that surrounds the nucleus or a cell. |
| deep | away from the surface and toward the inside of the body. |
| dorsum | the back or posterior surface of a part; in the foot the top of the foot |
| dysplasia | any abnormal development of tissues or organs |
| epigastric region | region of the abdomen located between the right and left hypochondriac regions in the upper section of the abdomen, beneath the cartilage of the ribs |
| epithelial tissue | the tissue that covers the internal and external organs of the body;it also lines the vessels, body cavities, glands, and body organs |
| frontal plane | any of the vertical planes passing through the body from the head to the feet, perpendicular to the sagittal planes and dividing the body into front and back portions |
| genes | segments of chromosomes that transmit hereditary characteristics |
| histologist | a medical scientist who specializes in the study of tissues |
| hyperplasia | an increase in the number of cells of a body part |
| hypochondriac region | The right and left regions of the upper abdomen, beneath the cartilage of the lower ribs; located on either side of the epigastric region. |
| hypogastric region | the middle section of the lower abdomen, beneath the umbilical region |
| hypoplasia | incomplete or underdeveloped organ or tissue, usually the result of a decrease in the number of cells |
| abdominal cavity | Body cavity containing stomach, intestines, spleen, gallbladder, liver, kidneys and pancreas |
| inguinal region | the right and left regions of the lower section of the abdomen; also called the iliac region |
| intervertebral disc | a flat, circular, plate-like structure of cartilage that serves as a cushion (or shock absorber) between the vertebrae |
| lateral | toward the side, away from the midline |
| long axis | the long axis of the body; the imaginary line created by directing a vertical line through the middle of the body from the top of the head to a space equidistant between the feet; essentially the midline of the body |
| lumbar region | the right and left regions of the middle section of the abdomen |
| lumbar vertebrae | The largest and strongest of the vertebrae of the spinal column, located in the lower back. The lumbar vertebrae consist of five large segments of the movable part of the spinal column; identified as L1 through L5. |
| lysosomes | cell organs that contain various types of enzymes that function in intracellular digestion. |
| McBurney's point | a point on the right side of the abdomen, about 2/3 of the distance between the umbilicus and the anterior bony prominence of the hip |
| mediolateral | pertaining to the middle and side of a structure |
| membrane | thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ |
| midline of the body | the imaginary line created when the body is divided into equal right and left halves |
| midsagittal plane | the plane that divides the body or a structure into right and left equal portions. |
| mitochondria | cell organs which provide the energy needed by the cell to carry on its essential functions. |
| muscle tissue | the tissue capable of producing movement of the parts and organs of the body by contracting and relaxing its fibers |
| navel | the umbilicus; the belly button |
| neoplasia | the new and abnormal development of cells that may be benign or malignant |
| nervous tissue | tissue that transmits impulses throughout the body, thereby activating, coordinating, and controlling the many functions of the body |
| nucleus | the central controlling body within a living cell that is enclosed within the cell membrane |
| organ | tissues arranged together to perform a special function |
| pelvic cavity | the lower front cavity of the body, located beneath the abdominal at cavity; contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs |
| peritoneum | a specific serous membrane that covers the entire abdominal wall of the body and is reflected over the contained viscera |
| plane | imaginary slices made through the body as if as dividing sheet were passed through the body at a particular angle and in a particular direction, permitting a view from a different angle. |
| plantar | pertaining to the sole or bottom of the foot |
| pronation | a movement that allows the palms of the hands to turn downward and backward |
| prone | lying facedown on the abdomen |
| ribosomes | cell organs that synthesize proteins; often called the cells "protein factories" |
| sacrum | the singular triangular-shaped bone that result from the fusion of the five individual sacral bones of a child |
| skeletal muscle | muscle that is attached to bone and is responsible for the movement of the skeleton |
| smooth muscle | muscle found in the walls of the hollow internal organs of the body such as the stomach and intestines |
| spinal cavity | the cavity that contains the nerves of the spinal cord; also known as the spinal canal |
| superficial | pertaining to the surface of the body or near the surface |
| supination | a movement that allows the palms of the hands to turn upward or forward |
| supine | lying horizontally on the back, face up |
| system | organs that work together to perform the many functions of the body as a whole |
| thoracic cavity | the chest cavity, which contains the lungs, heart, aorta, esophagus, and trachea |
| thoracic vertebrae | second segment of 12 vertebrae that make up the vertebral bones of the chest; identified as T1 through T12. |
| tissue | a group of cells that performs specialized functions |
| transverse plane | any of the planes cutting across the body perpendicular to the sagittal and the frontal planes, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions |
| umbilical region | the region of the abdomen located in the middle section of the abdomen, between the right and left lumbar regions and directly beneath the epigastric region |
| umbilicus | the navel; also called the belly button |
| visceral | pertaining to the internal organs |
| visceral muscle | smooth muscle found in the digestive, respiratory and circulatory systems |
| abdomin/o | abdomen |
| ana- | up; apart, backward, excessive |
| anter/o | front |
| cervic/o | neck; cervix |
| coccyg/o | coccyx |
| crani/o | skull |
| cyt/o | cell |
| dors/o | back |
| dys- | bad, difficult, painful, disordered |
| epi- | upon, above, on |
| hist/o | tissue |
| hypo- | under, below, beneath, less than normal |
| -iac | pertaining to |
| ili/o | ilium |
| inguin/o | groin |
| inter- | between |
| -ion | action, process |
| later/o | side |
| lumb/o | loins, lower back |
| medi/o | middle |
| nucle/o | nucleus |
| pelv/i | pelvis |
| -plasm | formative material of cells |
| poster/o | back |
| proxim/o | near |
| sacr/o | sacrum |
| -some | a body of a specified type |
| spin/o | spine |
| thorac/o | chest |
| umbilic/o | navel |
| ventr/o | in front, belly side of the body |
| vertebr/o | vertebra |
| viscer/o | internal organs |
| -logy | study of |
| caud/o | lower part of body, tail |
| a-, an- | no, not, without |
| -plasia | development, formation, growth |
| gastr/o | stomach |
| -logist | one who studies |
| hyper- | excessive |
| vertebr/o, spondyl/o | vertebra (backbone) |
| neo- | new |
| peri- | surrounding, around |
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