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BOC studying 9
Biomechanics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a contraction that occurs as the muscle shortens? | Concentric |
| The foot becomes a 'rigid lever' for push off when it is in what position? | Supination |
| How many degrees of freedom does the knee have? | 2 |
| How many degrees of movement does the scapula contribute to shoulder abduction? | 60 |
| What role does the quadriceps musculature assume during active knee extension against gravity? | Agonist |
| In the human body, the point of attachment of the muscle causing the motion is almost always closer to the joint axis that the resisting motion. What type of lever system most commonly exists in the body? | Third |
| In what postion will the movement arm of a force be the greatest? | When the angle of application of the force is at 90 degrees to the lever being moved |
| Of the following statements, which is true about anatomic pulleys? | Anatomic pulleys change the direction of the muscle force but not the magnitude of the force |
| Muscular tension may be increased by increasing the _ or _ | Frequency of motor units firing, the number of motor units that are stimulated |
| What 3 motions compose pronation of the foot? | Eversion, abduction, dorsiflexion |
| What class lever does the gastrocnemius use during plantar flexion? | Second |
| Each lever has a _, which is the perpendicular distance from the line of force to the axis, and a _, which is the perpendicular distance from the resistance to the axis. | Force ar, resistance ram |
| Running utilizes _ motion of the entire body and _ motion of the arms and legs | Linear, angular |
| Momentum is created by the combination of _ and _ | Mass and velocity |
| A sprinter who is in the 'ready' position at the start of a race has a lot of potential energy. What is his potential energy converted into as he takes off when the gun is heard? | Kinetic energy |
| Which of the following describes the plane and axis for cervical rotation? | Horizontal, vertical |
| When manually resisting the tibia during knee extension, all of the following statements regarding the torque produced are true | - an external force can be increased by increasing the magnitude of the force -an external force can be increased by applying the force perpendicular to the tibial crest - an external force can be increased by moving the force distal near the ankle |
| A lever is considered in rotational equilibrium when any muscle acting on that lever is neither shortening nor lengthening. This results in what kind of contraction? | Isometric |
| What type of joint is the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb? | Saddle |
| What is the maximum number of degrees of freedom a joint can possess? | 3 |
| Which of the following joints is an example of a hinge joint? | Elbow |
| The frontal plane divides the body into _ and _ parts | Anterior, posterior |
| What is an example of an activity taking place with the upper extremity in a closed-chain postion? | Performing a push up |
| What occurs at the knee joint during the screw home mechanism? | The tibia externally rotates on the femur during knee extension |
| What occurs at the articulating surfaces of a joint that is subjected to a compressive load? | The joint surfaces are brought closer together |
| Loading of a joint that is unstable due to a ligament rupture produces what stresses on the joint cartilage? | Abnormally high stress |
| Shoulder abduction occurs in the _ plane and moves around a _ axis. | Frontal, anterior-posterior |
| Hip internal/external rotation occurs in the _ plane around a _ axis | Horizontal, vertical |
| While covering a football game, a player gets tackled and sustains a spiral fracture of the tibial shaft. Which of the following force comes into play when a bone is fractured in this manner? | Torsion |
| Repeated rubbing over the epidermis may cause what condition? | Blisters |
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