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Comparative Cultures
SOAN 253 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| anthropology | the academic discipline that studies all of humanity from a broad perspective |
| archaeology | the investigation of past cultures through excavation of material remains |
| prehistoric archaeology | field that uses excavation of sites and analysis of material remains to investigate cultures that existed before the development of writing |
| historic archaeology | field that investigates the past of literate peoples through excavation of sites and analysis of artifacts and other material remains |
| biological (physical) anthropology | major subfield of anthropology that studies the biological dimensions of humans and other primates |
| primatology | the study of primates, including monkeys and apes; subfield of biological anthropology |
| human variation | physical differences among human populations; an interest of physical anthropologists |
| paleoanthropology | the specialization of physical anthropology that investigates the biological evolution of the human species |
| forensic anthropology | a specialization within physical anthropology that analyzes and identifies human remains |
| cultural anthropology | the subfield that studies the way of life of contemporary and historically recent peoples |
| fieldwork | ethnographic research that involves observing and interviewing the members of a culture to describe their way of life |
| ethnography | a written description of the way of life of some human population |
| anthropological linguistics | subfield that focuses on the interrelationships between language and other aspects of a people's culture |
| applied anthropology | subfield whose practitioners use anthropological methods, theories, and concepts to solve practical, real-world problems; practitioners are often employed by a governmental agency or private organization |
| medical anthropology | the specialization that researches the connections between cultural beliefs and habits and the spread and treatment of diseases and illnesses |
| holistic perspective | the assumption that any aspect of a culture is integrated with other aspects, so that no dimesion of culture can be understood in isolation |
| comparative perspective | the insistence by anthropologists that valid hypotheses and theories about humanity be tested with information from a wide range of cultures |
| cultural relativism | the notion that one should not judge the behavior of other peoples using standards of one's own culture |
| enthnocentrism | the attitude or opinion that the morals, values, and customs of one's own culture are superior to those of other peoples |
| clitoridectomy | removal of the clitoris |
| infibulation | clitoridectomy plus "cutting off the outer edges of the labia, which are then stitched together to form a permanent layer of scar tissue, preventing sexual intercourse." |
| norms | things we do without much thinking; shared rules of how we should act in society |
| values | beliefs about what is worth while, the ultimate standards people believe must be upheld in most circumstances |
| symbols | objects and behaviors that convey meaning |
| classifications | categorizing the natural world around us, terms that are used to lump certain groups together |
| worldviews | something that explains how the world is; ex: science, religion |
| hunting and gathering (foraging) | surviving off what the landscape produces on its own: nuts berries, roots, fruits, small game, etc. ; the oldest and historically most common subsistence strategy |
| pastoralism | heavy reliance on animals like goats, cattle, yaks, sheep, camels; following those herds as they migrate seasonally |
| horticulture | small-scale agriculture, using human muscle (not large draft animals or machinery) to farm |
| intensive agricultre | large scale agriculture, almost continuous cultivation of the land using large draft animals and machinery; most common subsistence strategy today |
| reciprocity | the back and forth exchange of goods/services without the use of currency |
| balanced reciprocity | form of reciprocity; help someone out, they now owe you; equal swaps, tit for tat |
| generalized reciprocity | form of reciprocity; swapping of favors, people help each other out, not tit for tat |
| redistribution | the collection of products and valuables (taxes, tribute) by a central authority that redistributes them according to norms and legal principles |
| market exchange | exchange of products and services for money |
| bicho | means "bug"; used by parents refering to their kids (Gangsters Without Borders) |
| La Gloria Brincada | initiation into gang (MS 13); gang members beat up the person for 13 seconds |
| jales | drive-by shooting (Gangsters Without Borders) |
| jainas | girlfriends (Gangsters Without Borders) |
| ranflas | cars (Gangsters Without Borders) |
| corte | beating gang members up for infractions, violating a taboo or unwritten rules (Gangsters Without Borders) |
| banging | committing crimes and fighting the enemy (Gangsters Without Borders) |
| slanging | selling illegal drugs (Gangsters Without Borders) |
| cora | pride, anger, courage (Gangsters Without Borders) |
| Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 | signed into law by President Chester Arthur; prohibited Chinese from immigrating to U.S.; law was intended to last 10 years but was not repealed until 1943 |
| Second Great Wave | was a spike in immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe (Poland, Hungary, Russia, Italy) in the late 1800s and early 1900s; sharp rise in anti-immigration sentiment against Catholics, Jews, Italians, and Eastern Europeans |
| Lawrence Textile Strike, 1912 ("Bread and Roses Strike") | 3 month strike against American Woolen Company; 20,000 strikers, many of them women and immigrants (from southern and eastern Europe); violent crackdown by company thugs and police; strikes drew widespread public sympathy; company strike, gave 20% raise |
| Immigration Act of 1924 | signed by Coolidge; set quota of 2% of immigrant pop. (was based on 1890 census, not 1920); prohibited immigration from Asia; reduced # of E and S Europeans entering U.S.; total immigration reduced from 1 million/year to 165,000; influenced by eugenics |
| National Labor Relations Act | signed by FDR in 1935; curbed employer interference in worker right to organize; strengthened collective bargaining rights and spurred union membership |
| Mexican "Repatriation" 1929-1939 | deportation act signed by Herbert Hoover 1929; more than 500,000 Mexican-Americans and Mexican immigrants relocated to Mexico |
| Japanese Internment (1942-1946) | more than 120,000 Japanese nationals and Japanese Americans forced into concentration camps in Western U.S.; more than 60% were U.S. citizens; order made by Pres. Franklin Roosevelt after Pearl Harbor |
| Immigration and Nationality Act, 1952 | reinforced 1924 Act, favoring immigrants with "special skills" and with relatives in the U.S.; banned communists and specific individuals; vetoed by Pres. Truman, veto was overruled |
| Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 | abolished quota system of 1924 and 1952; immigration limited to 300,000/year (170,000 from Eastern Hemisphere, 120,000 from Western Hemisphere); unlimited "familiy reunification" visas; signed by Lyndon Johnson |
| Immigration Act of 1990 | expanded total immigration from 300,000/year to 700,000/year; increased possibility of employment related immigration; added Diversity Visa lottery (55,000); refugee visas (between 10k and 100k) |
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mtr6838
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