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AP HUG test review
Unit 1 test review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| GIS (geographic information systems) | computer system that can store, analyze, and display information from multiple digital maps |
| uses of GIS | analysis of crime data, urban planning, transportation / travel time analysis |
| remote sensing (RS) | use of cameras mounted of aircraft or satellites to collect digital images of the earths |
| region | how geographers divide and characterize space into smaller units |
| types of regions | formal region, functional region, and vernacular/perceptual region |
| formal region | an area united by one or more traits (has a defined border) |
| examples of a formal region | physical- sahara desert; cultural- northern belgium where people speak flemish |
| functional region | organized around a focal point (node); defined by an activity that occurs across the region |
| examples of a functional region | pizza delivery (pizza store is the node); sports team fan base |
| perceptual/vernacular region | defined by the informal sense of place people give to them; boundaries vary widely- people have a different sense of what defines/unites these regions |
| examples of perceptual/vernacular region | the bible belt |
| spatial models | stylized map, illustrate theories about spacial distributions |
| non-spatial models | illustrate theories using words, graphs, and tables; often depict change over time |
| subregions | a smaller division of a geographic region |
| geospatial technology | an emerging field of study that includes GIS, RS, and GPS |
| GPS (global positioning system) | used to determine an individual's exact location on earth |
| census data | specific information about people (the general view, examination, or description of someone or something) |
| qualitative data | information being described by words |
| quantitative data | information obtained by counting or measuring (numbers) |
| patterns | geometric arrangement of things like people, houses, stores, etc |
| processes | the repeated sequences of events |
| cartographic scale | the way the map communicates the ratio of its size to the size of what it represents |
| geographic scale | amount of territory that a map represents IE global scale is whole earth, local scale is small region |
| scale of data | scale of the map doesn't have to change, but the level of detail in the data would |
| reference maps | show locations of places and geographic features- absolute locations |
| political maps | a map showing units such as countries, states, provinces, districts, etc... |
| physical maps | a map that shows mountains, hills, plains, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc... |
| road maps | shows mainly roads but also major highways, airports, and local points of interest |
| thematic map | a map that shows a particular theme; a map that shows specialized information |
| chloropleth map | a map that uses differences in shading or coloring to indicate statistical ranges |
| dot distribution maps | each dot references an identical unit and conveys data by amount present |
| graduated symbol map | contain symbols varying in size to show relative quantitative values |
| isoline map | map that connects points of equal or very similar values |
| topographic | a map that shows surface features of an area |
| cartogram | a type of map used to present statistical info- stretch |
| map projection | a way of representing the spherical earth on a flat surface |
| mercator map projection | accurately shows shape and direction, but distorts distance and size of land masses; used for navigation across the ocean |
| peters projection | equal area projection that distorts the shape of land masses (looks stretched out) |
| conic projection | made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone |
| robinson projection | the lines of latitude and longitude almost intersect at right angles near edges; useful projection for display of oceans but land masses are distorted |
| what are the scales of analysis | global, regional, national, local |
| example of global scale | the whole world |
| example of regional scale | middle east; north america |
| example of national scale | any cpuntry (china, usa, mexico) |
| example of local scale | localized area like long island or a state in the usa |
| scale of data | scale of the mapped area is the same, but the data may be at different scales |
| concepts of nature and society | sustainability- development serving current needs of people without making it harder for people in the future to live well- modern problem due to mass consumption and increased population |
| natural resources | renewable-sustainable; non-renewable- not sustainable |
| density | the number of something in a specifically defined area; population density: number of people per square mile; compared using "higher" or "lower" |
| distribution | the way a phenomenon is spread over an area |
| spatial association | matching patterns of distribution; indicates that two (or more) phenomena may be related, or associated with one another |
| human-environment interaction | the dual relationship between humans and the natural world are at the heart of human geography; the connection and exchange between them is referred to as human-environment interaction |
| environmental determinism | the belief that land forms and climate are the most powerful forces shaping human behavior and societal development |
| possibilism | a view that acknowledges limits on the effects of the natural environment and focuses more on the role that human culture plays |
| landscape analysis | the task of defining and describing landscapes |
| field observation | is used to refer to the act of physically visiting a location, place or region, and recording first-hand information there |
| spatial data | all of the information that can be tied to specific locations |
| aerial photography | remotely sensed information from satellites that orbit the earth are important sources of observed data available today |
| built environment | the physical artifacts that humans have created and that form part of the landscape (buildings, roads, signs, and fences are examples of this) |
| cultural landscape | anything that is built by humans |
| spatial approach | considers the arrangement of the phenomena being studied across the surface of the earth (important considerations: location, distance, direction, orientation, pattern, and interconnection |
| physical geography | the study of spatial characteristics of various elements of the physical environment (topics such as weather/climate, ecosystem/biomes, and volcanism/erosion) |
| human geography | the study of the spatial characteristics of human and human activities; the human and the spatial characteristics associated with people |
| absolute location | the precise spot where something is according to some system (can be measured using latitude and longitude) |
| relative location | an estimated spot of where something is relative to other places |
| latitude | the distance north or south of the equator (run east to west) |
| equator | an imaginary line that circles the globe exactly halfway between the north and south poles (0 degrees latitude) |
| longitude | the distance east or west of the prime meridian (run north and south) |
| prime meridian | an imaginary line that runs from pole to pole through greenwich, england (0 degrees longitude) |
| international date line | roughly follows the prime meridian, but makes deviations to accommodate international boundaries |
| place | a specific point on earth distinguished by a particular character |
| region | an area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features |
| site | the physical character of a place |
| situation | the location of a place relative to other places |
| sense of place | the relationship with places expressed in different dimensions of human life, how humans perceive a place |
| toponyms | a name given to a portion of earth's surface |
| time-space compression | the reduction in time it takes for something to diffuse to a distanced place |
| distance decay | contact diminishing with increasing distance and eventually disappearing |
Created by:
25delaneyk
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