Unit 1 test review
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| GIS (geographic information systems) | computer system that can store, analyze, and display information from multiple digital maps
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| uses of GIS | analysis of crime data, urban planning, transportation / travel time analysis
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| remote sensing (RS) | use of cameras mounted of aircraft or satellites to collect digital images of the earths
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| region | how geographers divide and characterize space into smaller units
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| types of regions | formal region, functional region, and vernacular/perceptual region
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| formal region | an area united by one or more traits (has a defined border)
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| examples of a formal region | physical- sahara desert; cultural- northern belgium where people speak flemish
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| functional region | organized around a focal point (node); defined by an activity that occurs across the region
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| examples of a functional region | pizza delivery (pizza store is the node); sports team fan base
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| perceptual/vernacular region | defined by the informal sense of place people give to them; boundaries vary widely- people have a different sense of what defines/unites these regions
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| examples of perceptual/vernacular region | the bible belt
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| spatial models | stylized map, illustrate theories about spacial distributions
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| non-spatial models | illustrate theories using words, graphs, and tables; often depict change over time
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| subregions | a smaller division of a geographic region
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| geospatial technology | an emerging field of study that includes GIS, RS, and GPS
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| GPS (global positioning system) | used to determine an individual's exact location on earth
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| census data | specific information about people (the general view, examination, or description of someone or something)
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| qualitative data | information being described by words
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| quantitative data | information obtained by counting or measuring (numbers)
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| patterns | geometric arrangement of things like people, houses, stores, etc
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| processes | the repeated sequences of events
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| cartographic scale | the way the map communicates the ratio of its size to the size of what it represents
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| geographic scale | amount of territory that a map represents IE global scale is whole earth, local scale is small region
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| scale of data | scale of the map doesn't have to change, but the level of detail in the data would
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| reference maps | show locations of places and geographic features- absolute locations
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| political maps | a map showing units such as countries, states, provinces, districts, etc...
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| physical maps | a map that shows mountains, hills, plains, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc...
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| road maps | shows mainly roads but also major highways, airports, and local points of interest
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| thematic map | a map that shows a particular theme; a map that shows specialized information
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| chloropleth map | a map that uses differences in shading or coloring to indicate statistical ranges
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| dot distribution maps | each dot references an identical unit and conveys data by amount present
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| graduated symbol map | contain symbols varying in size to show relative quantitative values
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| isoline map | map that connects points of equal or very similar values
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| topographic | a map that shows surface features of an area
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| cartogram | a type of map used to present statistical info- stretch
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| map projection | a way of representing the spherical earth on a flat surface
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| mercator map projection | accurately shows shape and direction, but distorts distance and size of land masses; used for navigation across the ocean
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| peters projection | equal area projection that distorts the shape of land masses (looks stretched out)
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| conic projection | made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone
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| robinson projection | the lines of latitude and longitude almost intersect at right angles near edges; useful projection for display of oceans but land masses are distorted
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| what are the scales of analysis | global, regional, national, local
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| example of global scale | the whole world
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| example of regional scale | middle east; north america
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| example of national scale | any cpuntry (china, usa, mexico)
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| example of local scale | localized area like long island or a state in the usa
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| scale of data | scale of the mapped area is the same, but the data may be at different scales
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| concepts of nature and society | sustainability- development serving current needs of people without making it harder for people in the future to live well- modern problem due to mass consumption and increased population
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| natural resources | renewable-sustainable; non-renewable- not sustainable
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| density | the number of something in a specifically defined area; population density: number of people per square mile; compared using "higher" or "lower"
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| distribution | the way a phenomenon is spread over an area
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| spatial association | matching patterns of distribution; indicates that two (or more) phenomena may be related, or associated with one another
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| human-environment interaction | the dual relationship between humans and the natural world are at the heart of human geography; the connection and exchange between them is referred to as human-environment interaction
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| environmental determinism | the belief that land forms and climate are the most powerful forces shaping human behavior and societal development
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| possibilism | a view that acknowledges limits on the effects of the natural environment and focuses more on the role that human culture plays
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| landscape analysis | the task of defining and describing landscapes
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| field observation | is used to refer to the act of physically visiting a location, place or region, and recording first-hand information there
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| spatial data | all of the information that can be tied to specific locations
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| aerial photography | remotely sensed information from satellites that orbit the earth are important sources of observed data available today
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| built environment | the physical artifacts that humans have created and that form part of the landscape (buildings, roads, signs, and fences are examples of this)
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| cultural landscape | anything that is built by humans
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| spatial approach | considers the arrangement of the phenomena being studied across the surface of the earth (important considerations: location, distance, direction, orientation, pattern, and interconnection
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| physical geography | the study of spatial characteristics of various elements of the physical environment (topics such as weather/climate, ecosystem/biomes, and volcanism/erosion)
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| human geography | the study of the spatial characteristics of human and human activities; the human and the spatial characteristics associated with people
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| absolute location | the precise spot where something is according to some system (can be measured using latitude and longitude)
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| relative location | an estimated spot of where something is relative to other places
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| latitude | the distance north or south of the equator (run east to west)
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| equator | an imaginary line that circles the globe exactly halfway between the north and south poles (0 degrees latitude)
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| longitude | the distance east or west of the prime meridian (run north and south)
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| prime meridian | an imaginary line that runs from pole to pole through greenwich, england (0 degrees longitude)
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| international date line | roughly follows the prime meridian, but makes deviations to accommodate international boundaries
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| place | a specific point on earth distinguished by a particular character
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| region | an area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features
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| site | the physical character of a place
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| situation | the location of a place relative to other places
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| sense of place | the relationship with places expressed in different dimensions of human life, how humans perceive a place
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| toponyms | a name given to a portion of earth's surface
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| time-space compression | the reduction in time it takes for something to diffuse to a distanced place
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| distance decay | contact diminishing with increasing distance and eventually disappearing
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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