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The Middle Ages
Martin really gave us 18 pages of shit to memorize
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where did/was: -Jewish culture flourish -a major center of Hebrew scholarship | Muslim Spain |
| Due to anti-semitism and the Church forbiding Jews from owning land or having certain jobs, what job did most Jewish people become that Christians could not? | Moneylenders |
| After being expelled from major European cities, where did the Jewish people go? | Eastern Europe |
| What was the Great Schism? | The separation of the eastern and western branches of Christianity over a dispute over the use of icons. |
| Roman Catholic Church | -Ruled by the pope -Incarcerated new philosophical influences into theology |
| Eastern Orthodox Church (Byzantine Empire) | -Used icons to celebrate and preach the Gospels -Adherence to traditional interpretations of theology |
| Shared beliefs between churches | -Religious calendar -Interpretation of the Gospel -Faith in the Bible -Sacraments |
| What changes in the east helped farmers produce more food? What resulted from this? | Advances in technology (horses, iron, etc.) The population tripled |
| As warfare decreased, what increased? | Trade along with more trade routes. |
| What was a good sign of economic revival? | Trade Fairs |
| What is a trade fair? What did they create? | A meeting of merchants from all around the world near an intersection of trade routes or a navigable river. They created the first medival cities. Most profitable were at the ends of the north-south trade route. |
| What was a medival city like? | It was crowded, filthy, noisy and prone to disease. Compiled of a bunch of tall houses accessible by narrow roads. People were attracted to the opportunities. |
| What is a charter? | A document that established a town as well as its rights and privileges. Could be obtained by an exchange of a large sum of money, a yearly fee, or both. |
| What is capital? | Money for investment. The need for it increased the growth of banks. |
| In what ways did business in Europe expand? | Banks expanded Merchants worked together to finance large scale investments Insurance and credit was developed Use of money was increased. |
| After economic changes in Europe, most peasants were ________________________________. | Paying rent for their land rather than being bound to it. |
| What did members of the merchant, trader, and artisan class establish? Define it? | Guilds; they are association which controlled and protected specific trades or businesses. The secrets to the craft were kept very secure among apprentices, journeymen or salaried workers, and guild masters. |
| Were women allowed to be in guilds? | Yes, in fact they dominated some trades and had their own guilds. |
| What were The Crusades? | A series of wars fought between Christians and Muslims for control of Middle Eastern holy lands. They were very destructive but also expanded the known world for all Europeans along with other things. |
| Who launched the first Crusade? What happened during it? | Pope Urban II. Europeans captured Jerusalem at first, but then the Muslims took it back but allowed Christian pilgrims in. By fourth, Byzantine Empire lost control of trade and a lot of their wealth. |
| Who conquered Constantinople? What was it renamed? | The Turks; re-named to Istanbul. |
| What was the impact of The Crusades? | -left a legacy of distrust in the Middle East and Europe - changes in society -Muslims reunified -Decrease in serfdom -Increase in money economy and trade -Monarchs gained strength and ability to collect taxes -Pope gained strength |
| How did Marco Polo contribute information? | He wrote a book about his journey to China and brought back a wider worldview to Europe. |
| What was the Reconquista? | It was the expulsion of Muslims off of land they have lived on since the 700s. |
| What marriage unified Spain? What did they do? | Ferdinand and Isabella. With the help of the Inquisition, they launched a campaign against Muslims and Jews. They burned many at the stake for hersay, and about 150,000 people fled Spain with their knowledge and skills. |
| Why was William the conqueror significant? | He successfully invaded England from France; he created a census called the Doomsday Book. The book established a taxation system and treasury. |
| What did Henry the II do? | Expanded the justice system and set up a jury system. |
| What is common law? | A system based on custom and prior rulings. |
| What did King John do? | Abused his power and had to sign the Magna Carta which required him to follow the laws and also had to agree to not raising taxes before running it by parliament first. |
| What did the Magna Carta also establish? | Due process of law and protection from imprisonment without being charged with a crime. |
| Who stabilized France? | Capetians |
| Who was France's most powerful ruler? | Philip II; he conqured |
| What did Louis IX do? | He led crusades , outlawed private wars, ended serfdom, expanded royal courts, made France a unified state. |
| What did pope Gregory do? | Made it so that only the pope could appoint bishops and not the king. (Banning Lay investure) |
| Conflict between henrey and Gregory | King disagreed with investure so pope excommunicated, Henry apologized and then sent him into exile. |
| What was the Conordat of Worms do? | Gave the pope the sole power to appoint bishops to their position/give them authority and gave the emperor the right to give them land. |
| What did Red Beard (Fred Bar) and his son (Fred 2) do? | Fred 1 tried to capture northern Italy but failed so he made his son marry the girl who was heir to Sicily and southern Italy. So bad that the HRE was split into seperate feudal states and southrn italy went into centuries of chaos. |
| What did Pope Innocent III do? | Took total controll and excomunicated the French and English kings. He also forbid people in those areas from getting sacrements. Launched holy war that killed tens of thousands. |
| What did France's King Phillip accomplish? | Challenged pope's overbearing rule and established the election system of a French pope. |
| What advancements were made in learning? | -Muslims translated Aristotle and Greek smart people to Arabic and Latin. -This resulted in a new way of thinking (using reason) to solve problems which caused problems for the Church. -Medicine and Geomety also came over Hiprocrate and Euclid/roman nu |
| What is Scholarsticism? | When Christian scholars used reason to support Christian beliefs. |
| What was the language of Europe Scholar? What changes happened? | Latin; vernacular or the language of ordinary people brought works like The Devine Comedy by Dande Alighieri or portrait by Geoffery Chaucer. |
| What style of architecture was popular? What was it influenced by? | Gothic style along with tapestries, stained glass, and stuff on walls. Byzantine Empire |
| Byzantine Empire heritage | Good history books and religious icons and mossiacs. |
| Preconditions to the Black Plague | Crop faliure created starvation and famine and starvation. |
| The Black Death | -Plague brought from east from fleas carried in rats. -Killed 1/3 of Europeans. -People fled or stayed home and productivity decreased -Jews were blamed -People revolted -Feudalism broke down -church broke down |
| How did church schism end? | Church council removed authority from 3 popes and elected a compromise canidate. |
| What did John Wycliffe believe? | Bible was truth not church. He was persecuted/ |
| Hundred years War | England vs France -England wanted land they had for cecnturies, france wanted to expand -England early won with new technology like huge crossbow -Joan of Arc won a lot of battles but was burned -FRANCE WON WITH CANNONS |
| Results of HYW | France expanded power and nationalism increased England's parliment was expanded Technology replaced Knights End of Feudalism |
| Russia Geographic Regions | Northern forrests- bad soil, cold Southern fertile soil/ farmers South steppe- open treeless perfect for hearding |
| Early History of Russia | Viking group called Rus was first. Slavic people with vikings comming to trade. Kiev is the capital. |
| How did Byzantine effect Russia? | They sent missionaries and they created the alphebet still used today (cyrillic) |
| Mongolian Rule of Russia | Mongols invaded Russia, burned Kieve and ruled for 240 years, but as long as they paid money, they were able to practice ortho christainity. However they were cut off from Europe while they were advancing a lot. |
| What became the spiritual and polictical center of Russia | Moscow |
| Who drove Moscow's success? What else did he do? | Ivan the Great; unified northern russia, built total rule, limit nobles, Adopted byzantine court rituals, |
| Who was Ivan the Terrible? What did he do? | Ivan the great grandson; First ruler crowned Tzar, limited power of boyars and gave land to nobles in exchange for military service, tied serfs to land. Became unstable and violent, shaped Russia to a modern tradition of extreme and absolute power. |
| Ethnic group distrobution | west slavs in poland; south in balkans, asain people, vikings, and germans travel to eastern europe |
| How was islam intoduced to balkans? | through ottoman invasion. |
| Safehaven for jewish people | Poland |
| Jadwiga to Duke Wadyslaw | Poland-Lithuania became largest state in Europe; however, nobles got power back and the state fell |
| Magyars | Settled in Hungary; roman catholics; Golden Bull limited power. Fell due to half population killed by mongols and ottoman turks taking over |
| South Slavs | Became ancestors to Serbs, Eastern orthodox christian, set up based on bysantine model. Fell to ottoman turks, but still preserved a sense on their own identity for 500 years under their rule. |
| What did the vast Sahara and other geological features to to the people of Africa? | Limited travel and trade; however, an interior valley and the red and mediterranean sea helped with overseases trade. |
| What forced the Bantu people to move south and east? what did they bring with them? | Desertification; they took their skills in farming,tradeworking and language with them. |
| Where and what was the city of Nubia influenced by? | It was at the top of the Nile River, it was influenced by egyptian architecture and religion |
| Due to Assyrian invasions, where did they develop a capital instead? | Meroe |
| Meroe trading and life? | Meroe was a successful trading center, they were rich in iron ore and timber which improved their own attack and defense as well. They also established a new religion and a new writing system. Eventually conquered by Axum |
| North africa history? | Carthedge emerged in North Africa. destroyed by Rome in 3 punic war and they used the land to get wheat to their soilders. They built cities and brought christianity but then islam and arabic replaced. |
| Ghana | West Africa center of salt and gold trade controlled by the king. King worked like governement. Attracted Muslims who brought new ideas of military techm businuess, and government. |
| Mali | Sundiata established. Greatest ruler was Mansa Musa. Foster justice and religious freedom, was actually nice to Muslims (other leaders better fr be taking notes) |
| Songhai | Muhammad established dynasty, expanded territory, improved government, and built mosques and schools. Was swallowed by Morrocco. |
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