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Hist 1020 Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Africa | is a continent that for the most part has no unifying factor. There is not one common language or culture that unifies the whole continent. |
| Mediterranean Coast | has mild coast where agriculture can flourish |
| Sahara Desert | neither agriculture nor people can thrive. There is no permanent human, animal, or plant life in the Sahara Desert. Some nomads pass through, but other than that here is not much other life. |
| Savannah-Sudan | the "great plains" of Africa. There are open fields and no jungle. This "sudan" region should not be confused with the country of Sudan. This region of Africa is suitable for agriculture. |
| Equitorial Regions | along the equator. The jungle exists in this region of Africa |
| Southern Region | is made of deserts. This area has a mild temperature and is suitable for agriculture |
| Semites | are arabic and are thought to have drifted across the Mediterranean Coast. |
| Bantus | largest population of people in Africa. They are not one single tribe or group, they are very broad and speak many different languages. The Bantu people originated in the Savannah-Sudan and developed agriculture and metal working. |
| Khoisan | people of smaller stature than the Bantus. Lived in the hunter gatherer communities and led a very primitive way of life. Many of them moved to the desert region of southern Africa to preserve their way of life. |
| Animsim | one of the original religions of Africa, means "soul" or "spirit". The idea of animism is that all living and non-living things have the spirit of the creator within them |
| Shamans | were priests that taught people and carried out the truths of Animism. When Christians came over to Africa they called the shamans witches. |
| African Religions | northern africa was christian but became converted to Muslim and the people are still muslim today. Ethiopia remained Christian. |
| Ottoman Empire | ruled all of north africa. States eventually began to break away and become separate empires |
| Ethiopia | was an ancient Christian State. Europeans had a rumor that Ethopia was ruled by the king "Prestor John" |
| Sudan Commercial Empires | had great riches of gold, silver, and Ivory. Multiple large empires characterized the commercial empires. These empires traded to the North. They were also interested in slave labor. They had large cities and roads. The muslims attempted to convert them |
| West African Coastal States | europeans were the first to come into contact with the people of this region. |
| City States | located in east africa, these were separated by mountain regions. They traded with Muslim territories to the east and west. The people in East Africa had built small sailboats to transport goods and people. |
| Swahili | became the written and spoken language of East Africa |
| Swahili City States | developed luxurious ways of life. |
| Slave factories | were set up in cities from a port. Europeans would collect slaves in chains and hold them at the port until the ships came. There were hundreds of slave factories along the coast |
| Sultan | in the ottoman system was the all-powerful autocrat and was connected with the Muslim religion. He was not a religious figure but he was believed to be blessed by Allah |
| Pashas | slaved trained to enter into the government administration. |
| Janissaries | were slaves of the Sultan and made up the military. Both these and pashas were well-paid and very privileged. Because of this they were very loyal to the Sultan. |
| Religion: Ottoman Empire | numerous Christians and Jews, but their religions were tolerated. the only exception to being a non-Muslim was that often times these people had to pay higher taxes. Because of the toleration of other religions, people did not feel oppressed |
| Inoculation | ottomans use this to prevent smallpox. People would extract material from a person infected with smallpox and inject it into a person that did not have it. worked for the most part but very dangerous. |
| Ottoman Armies | could not stand up to up new industrialized armies. Often time, the soldiers were not allowed to marry because they did not want them to lose focus on their commitment to the Sultan and the military. |
| Selim III | wanted to create a new army that reflected the Ottoman Empire. the Janissaries ended up killing him because they did not want to lose their power n the Empire. |
| Sultan Abdul Hamid | began administrative reforms, and administered a constitution. But he turned in 1894 and created a brutal empire abolishing the constitution that he had created. |
| Young Turks | officers of the ottoman army that seized Sultan Abdul Hamid's power. Wanted a strong nationalized state and they wanted to industrialize |
| Arabs and Turks | were the same religion but very different otherwise, they had a different language and culture. The Arabs began to want to form their own state because the Ottoman Empire became Turkish Nationalist |
| Ishmail Pasha | family came from Albania, lead Egypt to independence. He believed industrial growth could take place on the basis of Egyptian cotton. |
| Suez Canal | Ishmail Pasha invited the French to build this in 1869. After it was constructed, ships could sail straight into the Mediterranean Sea. This benefitted Egypt economically because they could charge tolls to cross through the canal. |
| Battle of Omduran | British fought Sudanese to take Sudan as part of their empire. Defeated Sudan using machine guns |
| Mahdi Movement | movement among muslims in sudan that rejected western culture. |
| Islamism | developed from the Madhi Movement, developed in Egypt, very radical. |
| Shahs | ruled persians that were converted to Muslims. persia supported their economy with the production of luxury goods that they traded with other countries. |
| Afganistan | very mountainous region. |
| Pashtuns | one of the three major religious groups of Afganistan, related to Iranians. |
| Uzbeks and Tadzhiks | two of the three major religious groups of Afghanistan who were both related to the turks |
| Monghuls | ruled India prior to 1700, descendants of Ghengis Khan and were sent by him to rule India. Monghul emperors were Muslim while the rest of India were Hindu |
| Indian Civil Wars | started to break out because of religious tension. Hindu vs. Muslim |
| British East India Tea Company | gained more power in India. By the 1790's British Parliament was bothered by the power that the East India Tea Company had in India |
| Vice-Roys | were British governors who shared power with the Monghuls and local Indian Rulers |
| Rajahs | local indian rulers |
| Sepoys | native indians that were hired into the British Army |
| Mutiny of 1857 | a nationalist uprising against British occupation in India. The Monghul emperor joined the uprising and these people posed as the defenders of India. The British troops crushed the Mutiny. |
| British Raj | after 1878 India was claimed as part of the British Empire |
| Bey | independent ruler of Algeria by the 1820's. A French ambassador visited the Court of Bey and did not bow. War was declared and the French defeated Algeria. By 1830, France now controlled Algeria |
| Ethiopia and Siberia | the only two countries in Africa not taken by European countries |
| Chauvinism | extreme nationalism. Each country felt that they were better than the other, and felt that taking colonies was proof of this. White Europeans portrayed themselves as superior to Africans. |
| Herbert Spencer | wanted to apply Darwin's evolution of species and compare it to lesser societies |
| Congo Free State | King Leopold of Belgium took over the congo and set up trading companies and raided the Congo's supplies. There was an international controversy, but no change |
| Menelik II | king of Ethiopia. Italy tried to occupy Ethiopia but they defended themselves |
| Berlin Conference | europeans met to avoid more conflicts over who got what colonies. They divided up Africa and the rest of the world. |
| Draft | europeans relied on this to get men involved in the military. all of the male population was trained for the military and because of the reserves the army could grow quickly |
| Standing Armies | were expensive but if war broke out, armies were based on a country;s male population because they had the reserves |
| Full Mobilization | all reserves had been prepared to be called up and ready to fight. Calling for a full mobilization would be very expensive and was not used because economies would be disrupted. |
| Militarism | mean that the country was "in love" with their military, and felt their military was better than that of any other country. |
| Collective Security | one of the ways european countries could achieve security, they would all work together to solve their problems |
| Germany Unifies 1870 | originally Germany was a buffer zone but once they unified they became a threat to France, Russia, and Great Britain. |
| Kaiser Vilhelm | security began to break down in Germany, the new emperor was in live with the military. very chauvinistic man, booted Bismarck out of office and cancelled the alliance with Russia. |
| Eastern Question | "what would happen to the Balkins in the Ottoman Empire" as the ottoman empire weakened and the Balkin nationalism grew, they tried to move towards independence |
| Bosnia | very complicated population: 1/3 Siberian 1/3 Croatian 1/3 Muslim, all ethnically the same but had three different religions |
| Arcduke Franz Ferdinand | while visiting the capital of Bosnia was shot by a Serbian student. That student wanted Bosnia to become a part of Serbia |
| 1st Balkan War | broke out in 1912. The new independent countries attacked the Ottoman Empire to gain more territory, they were defeated. |
| 2nd Balkan War | the countries fought over what territory each country should have |
| Beginning of World War 1 | Austria declared war on Serbia and attacked their captiol. Czar or Russia helped Serbia and called for full mobilization. |
| Von Schlieffen Plan | german plan to have one army along Russia and the rest line up along the west and surprise attack France. Once France was attacked the plan was to turn around and attack Russia. Plan failed |
| Trenches | were the only way for the armies to escape from eachother. there were long lines of trenches and barbed wire protected them. General would call for attacks and tried to break up the barbed wire. When the artillery stopped the other side would attack |
| Equal Weapons | no country could have a clear victory because all had the same technology |
| Rathenau | the minister of finance in Germany and he organized the entire economy. The government controlled all aspects of money and they told industry and commerce what to do. The economy no longer produced everyday goods but they produced things for the military |
| War Materials Board | in Britain allowed the state to control industry |
| Shell Shock | when an explosive force rattled the brain and there was damage to the brain and nervous system |
| Balance of Power | in 1917 began to shake and the US declared war. The US had a small standing army until 1918 and that is when they began to become more involved |
| Fall 1918 | World War 1 came to an end |
| Big Three | President Wilson, Lloyd George of Great Britain and President Clemenceau of France. Met to discuss extended peace, failure because of WW2 |
| 14 Points | bought by president Wilson. The 14th point was the League of Nations. |
| League of Nations | permanent global organization to would have the ability to keep peace. US congress refused to join |
| National Self-Determinism | every country should have the right to their own government and a constitution |
| German War Guilt | all colonies were taken away, Germany was no longer allowed to have an army or navy, not allowed an industry to produce weaponry, Germany forced to pay reparations and monarchy was brought to an end |
| Russian Recession | early 1900's many strikes and peasant uprisings. The economy went into crisis |
| Constitutional Democrats | wanted a constitutional government |
| Russo-Japan War | 1904 Russia went to war with Japan. Russia though war would be quick and victorious. It was not a quick war and Japan defeated Russia. This caused Russian people to revolt even more against Russia |
| Bloody Sunday | winter 1905, workers went on strike and marched into the Russian Winter Palace. A line of Russian troops shot at the workers. After this act, the government lost complete control of their country |
| October Manifesto | October 1905, granted by Czar Nicholas, written by Witte. Russians were now allowed freedom of speech, freedom to strike, and freedom to an elected body. Government survived because of this. |
| DUMA | 1906, elections were held in Russia, all white adult males could vote and a new party was created. |
| Rasputin | self-proclaimed faith healer and a man of God. Rasputin had the ability to calm alexis and stop his bleeding |
| Soviets | were elected to lead the government and they were allowed to form a provisional government. |
| Kerensky | leader of the Soviets |
| October Revolution | threw out the provisional government. this revolution was lead by Lenin. |
| Communists | new government that replaced provisional government and remained in power until 1991. |
| Soviet Communism, Facism, and Nazism | all rose out of WW1 and were a result of the failures of the Versailles peace treaty |
| Militarism | the idea that all national problems could be solved by military means |
| Soviet Russia | was the first time a socialist regime came to power |
| Communists (red shirts) | won the civil war in russia because of the political incompetence of the white shirts |
| Tsarist Family | was under house arrest at the hands of the provisional government. No other country wanted to take the romanovs because they were seen as oppressors and politically it would not be a good move for a country to accept them |
| War Communism | was an economic plan. The plan meant that all industrial economy would be nationalized and there would be no private entrepreneurs. People in the communist part were put in control of plants and stores. The plants and stores started to collapse |
| Greens | peasant uprisings in rebellion of communism |
| American Relief Administration | relief brought to russia in 1921 in the form of grain. Organization headed by Hoover |
| New Economic Policy | put in place as Lenin realized he could not hold onto power. Peasants retained control of land and there were low taxes so they would continue to grow grain. Also allowed private commerce and light industry. Heavy industry remained with Government |
| New communists | wanted total control of education, publication, radio and film. Sent out propaganda trains. New regimes portrayed entrepreneurs and religion in a bad light |
| Stalin | followed Lenin after his death in 1921. Not particularly well educated or a good speaker. Got the position because he was a good organizer to Lenin. After 2-3 years Stalin completley controlled the party. |
| Cult of Lenin | Lenin became a sacred figure and after his death he could be viewed for man years. Stalin closely associated himself with this. |
| First Five Year Plan | cancelled new economic policy, and was a new economic plan for the next 5 years in russia. Economy would be brought back to war communism and peasantry would be collectivized and the state would own everything. All industry was re-nationalized |
| White Sea Canal | prisoners built this who were sent to labor camps. |
| Nazism | the German form of facism |
| Facism | and authoritarian style of government |
| Mussolini | was a journalist that had fought well in the war and worked his way to sergeant. The soldiers in Italy didn't get any honor or respect and Mussolini felt that Italy needed a new government |
| Italian Facism | an idea formulated by Mussolini. They were to be anti-democratic and that they did not like socialists. Also very militaristic. Initially, most Italians did not like these extreme ideas |
| North Italy | highly industrialized |
| south italy | not industrialized |
| Black Shirts | military that served for the facist part. They attacked other military organizations and meetings of other political parties. This created political chaos. |
| March on Rome | when the black shirts marched into rome carrying torches and singing fascist songs. King of Italy allowed fascim and Mussolini to start a govenrment. The king had the constitutional power to dismiss a government and appoint a new one |
| Military Decree | Mussolini went to the parliament and asked for this to control chaos in Italy. Temporary Law to establish control. Used this decree to attack and control other military and political movements |
| Economic Effects of Facism | Mussolini put money into the military, factories started running again, and workers now had jobs. There were no wars and Italians began to accept the ideas of Facism |
| Corporate Society | meant that society was seen as a body where the head rules all. |
| Classless Soceity | there would still be different social groups, but they all followed the orders of a facist dictatorship and were equal before the government |
| Lateran Treaty | in 1929 the Pope signed this, which stated that Facism was the rightful government of Italy |
| Adolf Hitler | served well in the army and received many medals. Saw disaster in Germany and the need for new government. Began to read about Mussolini's ideas. |
| National Socialist Worker's Party | the name of Hitler's style of government |
| Brown Shirts | a military group that the Nazi's built up. Most German's felt they were far too radical. |
| Mein Kampf | Hitler's memoir, written in prison after he was arrested for attempting to seize city hall. In this memoir he outlined all of his political ideas. |
| Living Space | where Hitler proclaimed all of East Europe to be Germany's "living space" and all of the people would be conquered as slaves. |
| Aryanism | Hitler's belief that people with blond hair and blue eyes were pure and everyone else was inferior. |
| Goebbels | worked under Hilter and managed the public image of the Nazi's in newspapers and film |
| Hindenburg | the leader of Germany that agreed with Hitler's idea that Germany should re-arm but still did not like the Nazi party. He felt that if he appointed Nazis and Hitler to the government Hitler would only focus on what he wanted. |
| Reichstag Building | set on fire in 1933 and the Nazi's blamed the communists |
| Enabling Act | in 1934 Hitler asked for this, against the agreement. He used emergency decrees and during this time the first concentration camps were introduced. Members of other political parties were killed or injured. |
| Nuremburg Laws | 1935, these were put into place and all jew were deprived of citizenship. They could no longer have professions and many Jews began to leave. Unfortunately many stayed in hopes that this would pass. |
| Crystal Night | in 1938 Jewish homes and shops were attacked. Jews were no longer allowed to live in the cities and were moved to ghettos. |
| Treaty of Rapallo | in 1922 Soviet Union and the German Weimar Republic signed this. They began to secretly look for ways to escape military clauses in the Treaty of Versailles |
| World War 2 1931 | Japan invaded Manchuria and the League of Nations did not respond |
| World War 2 1935 | Italy attacked Ethiopia. Italy had a lot of Weapons and the Emperor of Ethiopia begged the League of Nations to take action, but again they did not respond |
| Hitler's Germany | once hitler came to power in Germany he wanted to expand and make Germany a greater power. He secretly began to re-arm the military |
| Thousand Year Empire | 1934 Hitler attempted to annex Austria. He wanted an empire that would contain all Germans. Mussolini forced Hitler to back off and threatened Germany with armed forces. |
| Hitler 1936 | Hitler reoccupied the Rhinelands, which was supposed to be a buffer zone with no military. |
| Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis | three allies. these governments were based on extreme nationalism and wanted to collect more empires. They all also left the League of Nations |
| Spanish Civil War | broke out in 1936. There were forces in Spain that did not like the republic and war went on for three years. Franco also like Mussolini's ideas. Germany and Italy saw Spain as a potential ally. Stalin sent help to spain and by 1939, Spain was Facist |
| Sudentenland | was mostly German but was given to Czechoslovakia. They were able to maintain a constitutional government in the Sudentenland as well as an army. Sudetenland was signed over to Hitler by Chamberlain and Daladier. |
| Nazi-Soviet Pact | made public in September 1939. People were now aware of the military allies and secret alliances. Hitler made this pact with the Soviet Union because he wanted to get Stalin in agreement to take Western Europe |
| Sphere of Influence | Stalin knew he would be ready to fight Hitler by 1942. But he agreed with Hitler to secretly divide Europe to by himself more time |
| Hitler Attacks Poland | within hours of signing the pact despite the fact that they were allies. Poland was not able to defend itself and within weeks, Germany had been taken over. |
| Blitzkrieg | Hitler's form of attack, using tanks and air force. He concentrated attacks at certain points, first sending in tanks followed by mechanized artillery. |
| Shadow War | from September 1939 to June 1940. This mean there was no fighting, all sides were prepping for the war to come. |
| Maginot Line | fortified border between Germany and France. Germany was able to break through using Blitzkrieg . France collapsed after Hitler occupied Northern France within a few weeks |
| Dunkirk | British sent forces to help france and became trapped on this Island. Britain sent all the boats they could to get their troops and fourtunatley faced calm seas and cloudy skies. |
| Operation Barbaossa | fall 1940 Hitler gave orders to plan for an attack on the Soviet Union. Originally he was planning to attack in early spring of 1941, but felt he wanted to finish the war in the Balkans first. The war in the Balkans went on for months, but eventually won |
| Launching Barbarossa | June 1941, Hitler attacked from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea. Stalin was warned but did not listen. Germans attacked and made their way to Moscow but failed and experienced their first defeat due to the russian weather |
| Stalingrand | Hitler took this city over only because it held Stalin's name. Here he was eventually defeated. |
| May 1945 | Soviets entered Berlin and Hitler committed sucide |
| Normandy | June 1944, United states landed on the beaches with troops to defeat Germany |
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