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Med. Term Chap. 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cellular level | Molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of the body |
| Tissue level | groups of cells that work together to perform a specialized function |
| Organ level | structures that are composed of two/more different types of tissue; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes |
| System level | related organs with common functions; (organ-system level) |
| Organism level | collection of body systems that make up the most complex level: a living human being. All parts of the human body functioning together constitute the total organism |
| Anterior (ventral) | front of body, toward front |
| Posterior (dorsal) | back of body, toward back |
| Inferior (caudal) | below/lower, toward the tail |
| Superior | above/higher, toward the head |
| Proximal | near the point of attachment to the trunk/structure |
| Distal | farther from the point of attachment to the trunk/structure |
| Lateral | pertaining to the side; toward the side |
| Medial | Pertaining to the middle; toward the midline |
| Median Plane (midsagittal) | vertical plane, passes through midline of body, divides body/organ into equal l/r sides |
| Frontal Plane (coronal) | plane dividing body into anterior/posterior portions |
| Horizontal Plane (transverse) | plane separating body into superior/inferior portions |
| Body Cavities | protect, separate, and support internal organs |
| Dorsal Cavity (posterior) | back of body |
| Cranial Cavity/Spinal Cavity | contain brain and spinal cord |
| Ventral Cavity (anterior) | front of body |
| Thoracic cavity | contains heart and lungs |
| Abdominal cavity/Pelvic cavity | contain digestive/reproductive organs |
| Right upper quadrant (RUQ): | contains right lobe of the liver, gallbladder, part of the pancreas, part of the small and large intestine |
| Left upper quadrant (LUQ) | contains left lobe of the liver, stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, part of the small and large intestines |
| Right lower quadrant (RLQ) | contains part of small/large intestine, appendix, right ovary, the right fallopian tube, right ureter |
| Left lower quadrant (LLQ) | contains part of the small/large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter |
| Right hypochondriac | Upper right region located under the cartilage of the ribs |
| Left hypochondriac | Upper left region located under the cartilage of the ribs |
| Right lumbar | metal right region located near the waist |
| Left lumbar | metal left region located near the waist |
| right iliac | lower right region located near the groin (inguinal region) |
| left iliac | left region located near the groin |
| Epigastric | Middle region Located above the stomach |
| Umbilical | middle region located in the area of the umbilicus, or navel |
| Chondr/o | cartilage |
| Cyt/o | cell |
| Hist/o | tissue |
| Nucle/o | nucleus |
| caud/o | tail |
| Around the umbilicus (navel) | umbilic/al |
| Above the stomach: | epigastr/ic |
| Beneath the umbilicus | hypo/gastr/tric On right middle side near the waist: right lumb/ar Instrument the measure cells: cyt/o/meter Toward the middle: medi/ad Separation, destruction, or loosening of tissue: hist/o/lysis Pertaining to the chest: thorac/ic Pert |
| On left lower side near groin (ileus) | left inguin/al |
| On right middle side near the waist | right lumb/ar |
| Instrument the measure cells | cyt/o/meter |
| Toward the middle | medi/al |
| Separation, destruction, or loosening of tissue | hist/o/lysis |
| Pertaining to the chest | thorac/ic |
| Pertaining to the neck | cerv/ical |
| Pertaining to area around the umbilicus | peri/umbilic/al |
| Instrument to measure the cranium (skull) | crani/o/meter |
| Tumor composed of cartilage | chondr/oma |
| Inflammation of the stomach | gastr/itis |
| Adhesion | band of scar tissue binding anatomical surfaces that are normally separate from each other |
| Endoscopy | visual examination of the interior of organs and cavities with a specialized lighted instruments (endoscope) |
| Fluoroscopy | radiographic technique that uses a fluorescent screen to produce a visual image from x-rays resulting in continuous imagining of the motion of internal structures and immediate serial images |
| Inflammation | protective response of body tissues to infection ,irritation, or allergies |
| Sepsis | body’s inflammatory response to infection, in which there is fever, elevated heart and respiratory rates, and low blood pressure |
| ultrasonography | imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) that bounce off body tissues and are recorded to produce an image of an internal organ or tissue |
| Endoscopy | visual examination of organ/cavity w/ specialized light instrument called endoscope |
| Radiograph | ionizing radiation waves, pass through body onto photographic film to internal structures, dye may be required for soft tissue |
| Magnetic resonance imaging: | Radiographic procedure, uses electromagnetic energy to produce multi-planar cross-sectional images of body, exceptional detail of soft tissues |
| Ultrasound | ultra-high-frequency sound waves emitted by a transducer/ probe to produce structure on computer screen, emits sound waves as moving back/forth over organ/structure |
| Positron emission tomography: | radioactive chemical (tracer) introduced into the body, Tracer accumulates rapidly metabolizing tissues, Positively charged particles admitted in body region, detected device called a gamma camera producing an image, identification of areas of increase/de |
| Anastomosis | Surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow the flow from one to another |
| Cauterize | Process of burning abnormal tissues with electricity, freezing, heat, or chemicals, perform to destroy damaged or diseased tissues coagulate blood vessels |
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