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AP Human Geography
10&11: Agriculture and Industry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| agriculture | deliberate modification of Earth's surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain |
| crop | any plant cultivated by people |
| vegetative planting | reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants (cutting stems & dividing roots) |
| seed agriculture | reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that result from sexual fertilization |
| subsistence agriculture | production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family |
| commercial agriculture | production of food primarily for sale off the farm |
| agribusiness | system of commercial farming found in the United States and other relatively developed countries |
| prime agricultural land | most productive farmland |
| shifting cultivation | form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period |
| slash-and-burn agriculture | farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris |
| swidden | patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning |
| pastoral nomadism | form of sutsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals |
| transhumance | seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas |
| pasture | grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing |
| intensive subsistence agriculture | form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land |
| wet rice | practice of planting rice on dry land in a nursery and then moving the seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth |
| paddy | Malay word for wet rice |
| sawah | flooded field for growing rice |
| chaff | husks of grain seperated from the seed by threshing |
| threshed | beat out grain from stalks by trampling it |
| winnowed | to remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind |
| hull | outer covering of a seed |
| double cropping | harvesting twice a year from the same field |
| crop rotation | practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil |
| cereal grain | grass yielding grain for food |
| milkshed | area surrouding a city from which milk is supplied |
| grain | seed of a cereal grain |
| winter wheat | wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the early summer |
| spring wheat | wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer |
| reaper | machine that cuts grain standing in the field |
| combine | machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field |
| ranching | form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area |
| horticulture | growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers |
| truck farming | commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities |
| plantation | large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usully to a more developed country |
| sustainable agriculture | farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides |
| ridge tillage | system of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation |
| desertification | degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting |
| green revolution | rapid diffustion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers |
| break-of-bulk point | location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another |
| bulk-gaining industry | industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs |
| bulk-reducing industry | industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs |
| cottage industry | manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the industrial revolution |
| fordist | form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly |
| industrial revolution | series of improvements in industrial technoogy that transformed the process of manufacturing goods |
| labor-intensive industry | industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses |
| maquiladora | factories built by USA companies in Mexico near the U.S. border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico |
| new international divistion of labor | transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries |
| post-fordist | adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks |
| right-to-work state | a U.S. state that has passed a law preventing a union and company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment |
| site factors | location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital |
| situation factors | location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory |
| textile | fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing |
| trading bloc | group of neighboring countries that promote trade with each other and erect barriers to limit trade with other blocs |
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SophomoreStud08
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