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Hist 150 Ch 4

QuestionAnswer
Why is most of the archeological information about the Indus Civilization from its high point rather than its origins? The earliest Indus remains are now under water
Which of the following statements about the Nile River and the Indus River is correct? Both rivers deposit large quantities of silt, making possible the development of agricultural societies.
Fragments of dyed cloth indicate the existence of a ______ industry in the Indus valley by about 2000 B.C.E. cotton textile
When did complex society emerge in the Indus River valley? between 3000 and 2500 BCE
Which of the following was not a feature of the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro? palaces
In addition to limited archeological evidence, what other problem handicaps scholars who study Indus society? the lack of deciphered written records
Which statement about the Nile River and Indus River is NOT true? Though the Indus is also susceptible to periodic flooding, its patterns are more predictable than those of the Nile.
The Indus River enabled farmers in the region to grow wheat and barley
Trade, travel, and communication among the cities and regions of Harappan society were made easier by the Indus River.
What were the two large cities that emerged from the agricultural surplus of the Indus Valley? Harappa and Mohenjo-daro
The streets of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro were laid out in a(n) ______ pattern. grid
In trades with other peoples, the Harappan people offered pottery, tools, and decorative items.
Differences between ______ provide the best evidence of social distinctions between rich and poor in Harappan society. dwellings
Which of the following best identifies the importance of the cities Harappa and Mohenjo-daro to the larger Indus Valley region? They established patterns and standards that were replicated throughout the area.
In what form are most of the surviving examples of Harappan writing? seals
Scholars believe that some Indus fertility deities later became part of the pantheon of which religion? Hinduism
Items acquired from Mesopotamia by Harappan traders included wool, leather, and olive oil.
The land of the Harappans experienced the erosion of topsoil and reduced amounts of rainfall due to deforestation
Which of the following features of living conditions in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro make these cities particularly notable among the civilizations of the ancient world? sophisticated water and sewage systems
Which of the following statements about Harappan writing is correct? Though scholars have been able to identify certain symbols for names or words, most Harappan writing remains undeciphered.
After the decline of Harappan civilization, farmers in the Indus Valley continued to cultivate wheat, barley, and cotton
Archaeologists believe that Harappan society may have been weakened by events such as the flooding of the Indus River. earthquakes.
After the decline of the Indus Civilization, peoples such as the Indo-Aryans entered the Indian subcontinent. What are some characteristics of the Indo-Aryans? they herded animals. they were nomadic.
Which of the following was not a specific characteristic of Harappan civilization that lived on after its decline? written language
The Indo-Aryans used horses primarily for transportation and war
Indo-Aryan literary and religious works were transmitted ______ using their sacred language. orally
Two likely reasons for the decline of Harappan society are ecological degradation and natural disaster
The Vedas were oral literature honoring the gods
Which of the following statements about the relationship between the Indo-Aryan and Dravidian societies is incorrect? The Dravidians were the only indigenous peoples with whom the Indo-Aryans had conflict.
Following the decline of early Indus society, nomadic peoples known as _____ migrated into the Indian subcontinent and settled throughout the Indus valley and beyond. Indo-Aryans
Most Indo-Aryan governments were led by a leader who governed in collaboration with a council of village elders. The name of this leader was related to the Latin word for king. What was this Sanskrit term for the leader? raja
Because they did not breed well in South Asia, Indo-Aryans imported their horses from central Asia
The Indo-Aryan population increased after they began to cultivate ______, instead of wheat and barley. rice
The sacred language of the Indo-Aryans was Sanskrit
Which of the following forms of political organization became most common among the Indo-Aryans? regional kingdoms
The value of the Vedas to the priests who preserved and studied them is illustrated by meanings of the word veda, which means Knowledge. Wisdom
The word caste refers to a social class of hereditary and rigid status.
Which two things were the source of most conflicts between the Indo-Aryans and the Dravidians? land. resources.
What kind of government did the Indo-Aryans maintain? multiple decentralized chiefdoms
Which of the following prompted the refinements in social distinction that developed into the caste system? interactions between the Indo-Aryans and the indigenous peoples
After 1000 B.C.E., the Indo-Aryans acquired the technology to make ______ tools and began to practice agriculture. iron
During the late Vedic age, people used the caste system to enhance the status and power of their social classes.
As they settled into a more permanent, agricultural lifestyle, the Indo-Aryans dropped the ______ form of political organization that they had brought with them into India. tribal
Caste distinctions were based primarily on occupation and societal role
As Vedic society became more complex and specialized, a more complicated social classification system involving jati, or ______, developed. subcastes
Which of the following statements about the influence of the caste system on day-to-day life is not correct? Despite rigid caste rules, socialization outside one's caste was common.
The early caste system based its distinctions in part on differences in skin color.
In the caste system, the priests were considered brahmins.
Social mobility within the caste system could occur if people started working in new occupations. moved to a new area.
The determining factor for jati classification was occupation
Within the patriarchal Indo-Aryan society, in what arena were women most influential? within their families
Expulsion from one's caste or jati could result in community shunning
The Lawbook of Manu was a handbook for proper morals and relationships.
If social mobility happened within the caste system, it was usually as a result of group rather than individual efforts
The Indo-Aryan god of war and weather was Indra
The Indo-Aryans sought to win favor from the gods by means of ritual sacrifices, which meant slaughtering animals
In addition to the caste system, the Indo-Aryans developed a strongly ______ social order based on gender distinctions. patriarchal society
The Indo-Aryans borrowed the concepts of reincarnation and transmigration from the Dravidians.
The name of the Upanishads comes from a term meaning "a sitting in front of," which refers to disciples gathering before a sage for a discussion of religious issues.
According to Indian mythology, Manu was the founder of the human race
A central idea in the Upanishads is that each person forms a part of the universal, unchanging soul of all humankind called Brahman.
The Indo-Aryan god Varuna presided over morals, ethics, and virtues
The word _____ refers to the Upanishad idea that after individuals die, their souls go temporarily to the World of the Fathers and then return to earth in a new form. samsara
Ritual sacrifice to gain favor from the gods was a time-consuming and expensive obligation for households since proper observance required brahmins to perform no fewer than _____ sacrifices per day. five
The authors of the Upanishads sought to attain the state of _____, a deep, dreamless sleep that came with permanent liberation from physical incarnation. moksha
Indo-Aryan mystics drew inspiration from the religious beliefs of Dravidian peoples, who often worshiped nature spirits associated with fertility and new life
Some modern scholars have said that some teachings from the Upanishads helped to reinforce the Vedic social order by justifying the inequalities of the caste system
The Upanishads were a collection of religious writings from the Vedic age
The authors of the Upanishads portrayed the material world as supremely superficial
The highest goal for Upanishad believers was for the individual soul to escape from the physical world by uniting with the universal soul
What is the doctrine of karma? an explanation for the specific incarnations that souls experienced
The authors of the Upanishads wrote that a believer achieved moksha, a deep and dreamless sleep, by practicing asceticism and meditation.
Why have some scholars said that the doctrines of samsara and karma reinforced the Vedic social order? They explain why individuals were born into their castes.
The concept that a realm of ultimate truth and reality exists beyond the physical world is shared by ____, among others. Greek philosophers and Christian theologians
Because the Upanishads teach respect for all living things, many Indians adopted vegetarianism
The Upanishads strongly advocated against the practice of materialism
Created by: SarahVD
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