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World History - Ch 7
Vocab from ch7 pg 190-215 (European explorers from late 1400s - early 1500s)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Scientific Method | The repetition of experiments and observations of the results of said experiments, along with the usage of math to check and apply measurements. |
| Geocentric Theory | Theory that the Earth was at the center of the universe and everything revolved around it |
| Heliocentric Theory | Theory that the Sun was at the center of the solar system and our solar system’s planets revolved around it (including the Earth) |
| Roger Bacon | English philosopher and scientist before the Renaissance, considered leading scholar of his time; suggested scientific experimentation rather than acceptance of religious ideas |
| Scientific Revolution | Movement in philosophy and science in which people used math and experiments to answer questions of the natural world |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish scientist who rejected Ptolemy's geocentric theory, arguing with development of the heliocentric theory |
| Johannes Kepler | German astronomer who used models, math, and observation to prove the heliocentric theory |
| Galileo Galilei | Italian scientist who sketched the motions of heavenly bodies in the solar system he observed in a telescope, and further proved the heliocentric theory |
| Isaac Newton | English scientist who proposed the law of universal gravitation and described attraction between bodies with his laws of motion |
| Andreas Vesalius | Flemish scientist who pioneered the study of anatomy, making detailed visualizations of components of the human body in his book |
| René Descartes | French philosopher and mathematician, a leader of the Scientific Revolution, pioneered a method of questioning that followed logical reasoning, by refusing to reach conclusions based on just assumptions |
| Francis Bacon | English philosopher and scientist, believed that scientific theories could only be developed by observation, no assumption should be trusted unless proven by repeated experiments. |
| Robert Boyle | English-Irish scientist, pioneered science of modern chemistry, showing that temperature and pressure affect volume of a gas. |
| Compass | A navigational device that consisted of a magnetic needle that would point to the north when suspended in free rotation (on an axis or floating in water) |
| Joint-stock company | When individual merchants join together in a new kind of business organization, raising money with stock investment |
| Mercantilism | States that a country's government should do all it could to increase the country's wealth (measured by amount of gold and silver possessed by the country) by taking it from another. |
| Favorable balance of trade | When a country receives more gold/silver from other countries than it pays them |
| Tariffs | Taxes placed on imported goods |
| Subsidies | Grants of money to businesspeople to help them start new industries and build ships |
| Commercial revolution | Period between 1400s-1700s, involving improved business methods and played important role in exploration, with banks aiding exploration; Europeans changed basic economic practices |
| Triangular trade | Slave trade in the Atlantic, involving trade of cotton goods, weapons, and liquor to Africa in exchange for slaves or gold. |
| Prince Henry | "The Navigator," explored in search of gold for Portugal, gathering many of Europe's greatest navigators and geographers for his expeditions |
| Bartolomeu Dias | Sailed around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa, discovering the route to the Indian Ocean |
| Vasco da Gama | Sailed eastward across the Indian Ocean, landing in India, then returning to Portugal with his ship full of valuable goods |
| Christopher Columbus | Decided to sail westward to find a faster route to Asia instead of sailing around the southern tip of Africa, discovering what is now the Bahamas and the Americas |
| Columbian Exchange | Massive exchange of products, plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the New World. |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | Treaty between Portugal and Spain that moved the line of claimed American land further west |
| Amerigo Vespucci | Italian navigator who knew that Columbus' discovery of the West Indies was not, in fact, India, but rather a whole new continent, and the Americas were named after him |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator who sailed the Atlantic with five ships to the southernmost tip of South America through the strait now named after him, and naming the Pacific Ocean |
| Middle Passage | The shipment of slaves across the Atlantic to the Americas, where they were sold for goods produced on plantations |
| Viceroys | Officials who represented the monarchy in colonies, reporting to the Council of the Indies in Spain |
| Guerilla Warfare | Military technique in which the commander dispatches small bands of soldiers on quick raids to keep the enemy party confused. |
| Ponce de León | Sailed northward from the Caribbean to what is now Florida |
| Hernán Cortés | Spanish explorer who invaded the Mayans and the Aztec in Mexico, destroying the Aztec city of Tenochtitlán and building Mexico City on top of it |
| Moctezuma II | Aztec ruler who was seized by Hernán Cortés |
| Francisco Pizarro | Led expedition from Panama to the capital of the Inca Empire in present-day Peru, destroying Aztec and Inca statues and temples and claiming gold and silver from religious objects and buildings for Spain |
| Charles V | Became Spanish king in 1516 and Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 and struggled to meet Spanish and German needs as well as defend Christian Europe against the Ottoman Turks |
| Philip II | Inherited the Spanish throne from his father and involved Spain in wars to defend Catholicism and bring glory to Spain, defeating the Ottoman Empire |
| William of Orange | Led a revolt against Philip II by employing guerilla warfare, because of Philip's mistreatment of Netherlands residents and Calivinists |
Created by:
BurkeNHI
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