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World History - Ch 7

Vocab from ch7 pg 190-215 (European explorers from late 1400s - early 1500s)

TermDefinition
Scientific Method The repetition of experiments and observations of the results of said experiments, along with the usage of math to check and apply measurements.
Geocentric Theory Theory that the Earth was at the center of the universe and everything revolved around it
Heliocentric Theory Theory that the Sun was at the center of the solar system and our solar system’s planets revolved around it (including the Earth)
Roger Bacon English philosopher and scientist before the Renaissance, considered leading scholar of his time; suggested scientific experimentation rather than acceptance of religious ideas
Scientific Revolution Movement in philosophy and science in which people used math and experiments to answer questions of the natural world
Nicolaus Copernicus Polish scientist who rejected Ptolemy's geocentric theory, arguing with development of the heliocentric theory
Johannes Kepler German astronomer who used models, math, and observation to prove the heliocentric theory
Galileo Galilei Italian scientist who sketched the motions of heavenly bodies in the solar system he observed in a telescope, and further proved the heliocentric theory
Isaac Newton English scientist who proposed the law of universal gravitation and described attraction between bodies with his laws of motion
Andreas Vesalius Flemish scientist who pioneered the study of anatomy, making detailed visualizations of components of the human body in his book
René Descartes French philosopher and mathematician, a leader of the Scientific Revolution, pioneered a method of questioning that followed logical reasoning, by refusing to reach conclusions based on just assumptions
Francis Bacon English philosopher and scientist, believed that scientific theories could only be developed by observation, no assumption should be trusted unless proven by repeated experiments.
Robert Boyle English-Irish scientist, pioneered science of modern chemistry, showing that temperature and pressure affect volume of a gas.
Compass A navigational device that consisted of a magnetic needle that would point to the north when suspended in free rotation (on an axis or floating in water)
Joint-stock company When individual merchants join together in a new kind of business organization, raising money with stock investment
Mercantilism States that a country's government should do all it could to increase the country's wealth (measured by amount of gold and silver possessed by the country) by taking it from another.
Favorable balance of trade When a country receives more gold/silver from other countries than it pays them
Tariffs Taxes placed on imported goods
Subsidies Grants of money to businesspeople to help them start new industries and build ships
Commercial revolution Period between 1400s-1700s, involving improved business methods and played important role in exploration, with banks aiding exploration; Europeans changed basic economic practices
Triangular trade Slave trade in the Atlantic, involving trade of cotton goods, weapons, and liquor to Africa in exchange for slaves or gold.
Prince Henry "The Navigator," explored in search of gold for Portugal, gathering many of Europe's greatest navigators and geographers for his expeditions
Bartolomeu Dias Sailed around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa, discovering the route to the Indian Ocean
Vasco da Gama Sailed eastward across the Indian Ocean, landing in India, then returning to Portugal with his ship full of valuable goods
Christopher Columbus Decided to sail westward to find a faster route to Asia instead of sailing around the southern tip of Africa, discovering what is now the Bahamas and the Americas
Columbian Exchange Massive exchange of products, plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the New World.
Treaty of Tordesillas Treaty between Portugal and Spain that moved the line of claimed American land further west
Amerigo Vespucci Italian navigator who knew that Columbus' discovery of the West Indies was not, in fact, India, but rather a whole new continent, and the Americas were named after him
Ferdinand Magellan Portuguese navigator who sailed the Atlantic with five ships to the southernmost tip of South America through the strait now named after him, and naming the Pacific Ocean
Middle Passage The shipment of slaves across the Atlantic to the Americas, where they were sold for goods produced on plantations
Viceroys Officials who represented the monarchy in colonies, reporting to the Council of the Indies in Spain
Guerilla Warfare Military technique in which the commander dispatches small bands of soldiers on quick raids to keep the enemy party confused.
Ponce de León Sailed northward from the Caribbean to what is now Florida
Hernán Cortés Spanish explorer who invaded the Mayans and the Aztec in Mexico, destroying the Aztec city of Tenochtitlán and building Mexico City on top of it
Moctezuma II Aztec ruler who was seized by Hernán Cortés
Francisco Pizarro Led expedition from Panama to the capital of the Inca Empire in present-day Peru, destroying Aztec and Inca statues and temples and claiming gold and silver from religious objects and buildings for Spain
Charles V Became Spanish king in 1516 and Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 and struggled to meet Spanish and German needs as well as defend Christian Europe against the Ottoman Turks
Philip II Inherited the Spanish throne from his father and involved Spain in wars to defend Catholicism and bring glory to Spain, defeating the Ottoman Empire
William of Orange Led a revolt against Philip II by employing guerilla warfare, because of Philip's mistreatment of Netherlands residents and Calivinists
Created by: BurkeNHI
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