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chapter 2 vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| chemistry | science of the structure and interactions of matter. |
| anabolism | energy‐requiring reactions whereby small molecules are built up into larger ones. |
| catabolism | chemical reactions that break down complex organic compounds into simple ones, with the net release of energy. |
| organic compounds | compounds contain carbon and usually hydrogen |
| inorganic compounds | compounds lack carbon |
| macromolecules | combinations of small organic molecules |
| monomer | building block of macromolecules |
| polymer | large molecule formed by monomers |
| monosaccharide | monomer of carbohydrates |
| disaccharide | two sugar unit |
| polysaccharide | many sugar units |
| glucose | C6H12O6, major energy source for the production of ATP by body cells |
| sucrose | glucose + fructose, table sugar |
| lactose | glucose + galactose, milk |
| maltose | glucose + glucose, malted beverages |
| cellulose | glucose bonded to form "fibers," composes cell walls in plants |
| chitin | polymer of glucose, makes up exoskeletons of insects and arthropods |
| lipids | an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that is usually insoluble in water |
| fats/oils | made of 3 subunits of fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol molecule. long term energy storage, insulation, protection |
| waxes | consist of 1 fatty acid chain attached to a long-chain alcohol group. mainly used for covering and protection |
| phospholipids | composed of 1 phosphate group plus 2 fatty acid chains. important structural component of cell membrane |
| steroids | composed of 4 carbon-based rings and do not contain any fatty acid chains. cholesterol and makes sex hormones |
| saturated fats | a fatty acid that contains only single bonds (no double bonds) between its carbon atoms |
| unsaturated fats | fatty acid chain that have double bonds which create kinks. they are liquid at room temperature |
| protein | an organic compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur and phosphorus; synthesized on ribosomes and made up of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. |
| amino acid | monomer of a protein |
| peptide bond | type of bond which holds together amino acids |
| polypeptide | synonym of protein; usually containing few amino acids |
| nucleotide | monomer of a nucleic acid |
| purine | one of 2 chemical compounds that cells use to make the building blocks of DNA and RNA. adenine and thymine |
| pyrimidine | one of 2 chemical compounds that cells use to make the building blocks of DNA and RNA. cytosine, thymine, and uracil |
| DNA | A nucleic acid constructed of nucleotides consisting of one of four bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine), deoxyribose, and a phosphate group; encoded in the nucleotides is genetic information. |
| RNA | A single‐stranted nucleic acid made up of nucleotides, each consisting of a nitrogenous base, ribose, and a phosphate group; three types are messenger, transfer, and ribosomal, each of which has a specific role during protein synthesis. |
| ATP | the main energy source in living cells; used to transfer the chemical energy needed for metabolic reactions. consists of the purine base adenine and the five‐carbon sugar ribose, to which are added, in linear array, three phosphate groups. |
Created by:
pashaze
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