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LQB 285
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what does pericarditis means | inflammation of the pericardial sac |
| Hematocrit | red blood cell |
| Haemodynamics | |
| Vascular resistance depends on what | 1. Viscosity of blood 2. Length (total) of blood vessel 3. Radius of the blood vessel lumen |
| Laminar flow | characterized by smooth flow of the fluid in layers that do not mix |
| Bulk flow | |
| Continuous capillaries | Tightly bound • Small gaps • Skin, muscle |
| Fenestrated capillaries | Larger pores • Facilitate exchange • Kidneys, small intestine |
| what is Atrioventricular included | • Right: tricuspid • Left: bicuspid/mitral |
| what is Semilunar valves included | Right: pulmonary valve • Left: aortic valve |
| what is epicardium | epicardium is the visceral layer of the pericardium (a serous membrane) that envelops the heart and acts as an additional layer of protection for the heart |
| what is myocardium | myocardium is the muscle tissue of the heart, composed of cardiac muscle cells called cardiomyocytes |
| what are the ways to manage the oedema | Movement • Elevation • Massage • Compression • Reduced salt intake Medication |
| what is effusion | Fluid that accumulates in body cavities is often referred to as an effusion. |
| what can cause effusion | Heart failure • Blocked lymph vessels • Infections • Cancers • Liver disease • Kidney disease |
| what is dyspnoea | Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing |
| Orthopnoea | Discomfort when breathing while lying down |
| what ways can manage the effusion | • Medications • Fluid drainage • Open heart surgery/Open thoracic surgery |
| Hyperaemia | refer to an increase in blood volume Active process Caused by arteriolar dilation and increased blood flow Occurs • at sites of inflammation • Exercising skeletal muscle (physiological) Usually beneficial |
| Congestion | Refers to an increase in blood volume Passive process Caused by impaired outflow of venous blood from a tissue Occurs • Systemically e.g., cardiac failure • Locally e.g., isolated venous obstruction g., isolated venous obstruction Usually benefic |
| – Hypovolaemic shock | |
| Thrombosis | Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms either in a vein or an artery |
| thrombus | The internal clot is known as a thrombus |
| what are the primary abnormalities that lead to intravascular thrombosis | Endothelial injury 2. Stasis or turbulent blood flow 3. Hypercoagulability of the blood |
| Hypercoagulability | 血凝过快 |
| Recanalisation | 管道再造 |
| Embolism | 栓塞 |
| what is arterial thrombus caused by ? | Caused by endothelial injury and abnormal flow Forms a “white” clot – due to more platelets as a result of endothelial injury |
| what is Venous Thrombus | Caused by stasis and hypercoagulability Forms a “red” clot – due to more red blood cells |
| transudate | 渗出液 |
| exudate | 渗出液 |
| puffiness | 虚胖 |
| dimple | 凹点 |
| ascites | 腹水 |
| dyspnoea | 呼吸困难 |
| what is haematoma | internal haemorrhage |
| atherosclerosis | |
| what is the difference between Superficial vein thrombi and deep vein thrombi ? | superficial vein thrombi :Symptomatic: Swelling (Oedema), increase in heat, pain, redness Rarely embolise deep vien thrombi: asymptomatic ,Can lead to pulmonary embolism |
| what is the Pharmacologic interventions for hypertension | Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors ACE inhibitors Angiotensin receptor blocker ARBs |
| what is atherosclerosis | Atherosclerosis is characterized by sub-endothelial lesions called an atheroma |
| what is the pathogenesis of the atheroscresis | Fatty streak LDL engulfed by macrophages Fibrous plaque Macrophages release growth factors/cytokines stimulating Smooth muscle proliferation Deposition of collagen T lymphocytes recruitment New small blood vessels formation |
| what is unstable atheroma | can rupture to cause sudden occlusion. • Ischemic atrophy of vessel wall causes structural weakening that can lead to dilation (Aneurysm) |
| what is stable atheroma | asymptomatic until the stenosis exceeds 70-80% of lumen diameter Most likely to cause ischaemia in e.g., the heart, brain and/or kidneys due to partial occlusion of the vascular lumen (atherosclerotic stenosis) of the coronary arteries, cerebral |
| what is Aneurysms | Aneurysms are dilations of blood vessels or the heart |
| what are The two common risk factors for aneurysms | atherosclerosis and hypertension Atherosclerosis is associated with abdominal aortic aneurysms Hypertension is associated with ascending aortic aneurysms |
| what are varicose veins | Varicose veins are dilated, convoluted superficial veins |
| what can cause varicose veins | Chronic venous hypertension Weakened vessel wall |
| what is the consequence of the varicose veins | Stasis, which leads to: • Congestion • Thrombosis • Pain Venous pressure causes oedema |
Created by:
Kiki Tang
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