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VET115 Lg. Animal Dz
Bovine Dz's and Disorders
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| BRDS- Bovine Respiratory Disease Syndrome (complex) | |
| BRDS complex (cause and CS) | |
| BRDS complex (Dx, Tx, prevent) | |
| BRDS (viruses and etc.) | |
| Shipping Fever | major factor in production losses, affects mostly beef calves during 1st 45 days in feedlot + dairy cows less than 6 months. Caused by resp. viruses, bacteria, stress. Includes: BVD, IBR, PI-3, BRSV, and respiratory coronavirus. |
| Infectious Bovine Rhinotrachetitis, Red Nose, (I.B.R.) | dz caused by a herpes virus, transmissed by nasal/air, food, water, part of shipping fever complex. CS: sudden fever (104-108*F), conjuctivitis, ^ RR, coughing, dyspnea, hyperemia of muzzle, abortion, ^ salivation, morbidity: 1-30%, mortality: 3-10% |
| Etiology | the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition. |
| IBR (Dx, Tx, etc.) | Dx: nasal swab/isolate virus, CS's, post-mortem, isolate organism. Tx: broad spectrum antibiotics, prevent 2nd infection. Should be vaccinated at 4-6 months of age and 8-12 months. |
| Para Influenza 3 (PI-3) | dz caused by the PI-3 virus. Infectious by air, direct contact, mild resp. dz, part of shipping fever complex. CS: fever (104-107*F), mucopurulent nasal discharge, lacrimation, cough, ^ RR, weak, depressed, wt loss. |
| Lacrimation | the flow of tears. |
| PI-3 (Dx, Tx, Etc.) | Dx: clinical symptoms Tx: antibiotics Should be vaccinated intranasal w/ MLV vacc, 2 doses of killed vaccine, and a PI-3 vacc. |
| Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus | a cause of respiratory disease in cattle worldwide. CS: nasal discharge, fever, pulmonary edema, emphysema, SQ emphysema, inter mandibular edema, death may occur within 48 hours of onset of infection. |
| Emphysema | A disorder affecting the alveoli (tiny air sacs) of the lungs. The transfer of O2 and CO2 in the lungs takes place in the walls of the alveoli. The alveoli become abnormally inflated, damaging their walls and making it harder to breathe. |
| Haemophilus somnus | this infection often develops as a septicemia. It progresses into: fibrinous pleuritis, pericarditis, polyarthritis, thromboembolic meningoencephalitis, TEME, Sleeper's Syndrome. |
| Septicemia | blood poisoning, especially that caused by bacteria or their toxins. |
| Mannheimia haemolytica & Pasteurella Multocida | these are normal inhabitants of the respiratory tract, common 2ndary bacterial infections. CS:fever, cough, dyspnea, mucupurulent nasal discharge, depression, anorexia, death. |
| Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) | dz caused by virus, infected by food/water, direct contact w/ oral/nose, air. Symptoms: can vary, fever 105-108*F, mild transient diarrhea, profuse malodorous diarrhea w/ mucus + blood, cough. |
| BVD (etc.) | this dz can cause abortion, weak malformed calves if dz is during pregnancy, congenital cerebella hypoplasia in calves. Chronic form includes: mucosal dz, lesions in alimentary tract, oral lesion, fatal. Morbidity: 90-100%. Mortality: 0-30% |
| BVD (Dx, Tx, Vaccs) | Dx: CS's, post-mortem lesions, paired serum samples. Tx: supportive (fluids, food, warmth, medications prn), cull infected animals, antibiotics. Vaccs: Dz gives immunity, vacc @ 3-5 months of age, vaccs of pregnany will cause abortion/disorder. |
| Food Animal Vaccines | many vaccines for cattle have withdrawal times, do not vaccinate within 21 days of slaughter, do not vaccs pregnant animals. |
| Clostridial Organisms | caused by bacteria that lives as spores in the soil, can infect cattle through wounds or grazing. Most vaccs. -Clostridium chauvoei, Clostridium septicum and Clostridium novyi (B) and Clostridium haemolyticum (D) Clostridium perfringens (B,C, and D) |
| Clostridium chauvoei, septicum | causes Blackleg and malignant edema. All primarily affect striated muscles. Organisms multiply in muscles and release into vital organs. Death can happen within 12 hrs of onset of infection. |
| Clostridium novyi and haemolyticum | causes Black Dz and bacillary hemogloburia. Primarily affects liver, spores ingested, death can occur as early as 24 hours after onset, highly recommended vaccine where liver flukes are a problem. |
| Clostridium perfringens (type B, C, & D) | affects the GI tract, organism produces toxins when GI problems arise in cattle, usually in young. Causes intestinal lesions > hemorrhagic necrotic enteritis > sudden death. Vaccs is highly recommended. |
| Clostridial Organisms Types (for this class) | -Black leg -Malignant edema -Black's Dz/Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis -Enterotoxemia Causes sudden death, is gram +, anaerobic, spore former, bacillus. |
| Black Leg | Dz caused by Clostridium chauvoei, infected by bacteria in soil. Symptoms: acute lameness, swelling of upper part of limbs, gas formation, rapid death. |
| Black Leg (Dx, Tx, vaccs) | Dx: CS's (acute lame, depressed, fever, edematous and crepitant swelling) Tx: antibiotics, vaccs, death 12-48 hrs. Vaccs: @ 3 + 4, no vaccs 21 days of slaughter. Calves vaccs before 3 mo. should be revaccs at 4-6 mo. and again @ weaning. |
| Malignant Edma | caused by Clostridium septicum, infected by wounds. CS: anorexia, ^ fever, pitting edema, rapid death. Dx: CS's or post-mortem Tx: vaccs in the face out an outbreak, high doses of penicillin or broad spectrium abx. Same vaccs as C. chauvoei |
| Black's Disease/Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis | caused by clostridium novyi, sometimes seen in cattle but mainly in sheep. Transmissible by spores in the soil, associated with liver flukes, migrating flukes create favorable anaerobic environment for growth. |
| Black's Disease/Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis (CS, Dx, Tx, Vaccs) | CS: asymptomatic sudden death Dx: post mortem: greyish yellow necrotic foci, fluid in pericaridal sac/peritoneal/thoracic cavitities, rupture of capillaries in SQ tissue. Tx: abx and vacc in outbreak Vaccs: same as C. chauvoei, control liver flukes |
| Enterotoxemia | caused by Clostridium perfringens types B,C, & D; can affect cattle or sheep. Transmissible by spores in soil, seen in animals on high grain diets w/ rumenitis. |
| Enterotoxemia (CS, Dx, Tx, Vaccs) | CS: fetid diarrhea, rapid death Dx: demonstration of toxins in the intestinal tract, not just the organism Tx: abx and antitoxins Vaccs: same as C. chauveoli |
| Brucellosis (Bang's Disease) | a zoonotic and reportable dz. Transmissible by milk and uterine discharges, semen of infected bulls, direct contact on the skin or conjunctiva. |
| Brucellosis (symptoms) | CS in bovine: abortion/abortion storms, orchitis and sterility, arthritis, infertility, less milk. CS in humans: undulant fever, common before pasteurization, now contracted by contact w/ infect meat from butchers, farmers, DVMs. |
| Brucellosis (Dx, Tx, Vaccs) | DX: market cattle testing, Milk ring test, Plate test, Card test. Tx: + animals are culled/slaughter, rest of herd is quarantines. Vaccs: Brucella abortus strain 19, can cause undulant fever in humans, only females are vaccinated. |
| Market Cattle Testing | test that diagnoses Brucellosis, is a blood test at slaughter and traces positive animals back to the herd. |
| Milk Ring Test | test that diagnoses Brucellosis, uses pooled milk samples (bulk tanks) to ID suspect herds. |
| Plate Test | test that diagnoses Brucellosis, is a test for antibodies (an antigen-antibody agglutination test done on a glass plate. |
| Card Test | test that diagnoses Brucellosis, are tests for antibodies (an antigen-antibody agglutination test done on a glass plate). |
| Bang's (slide 43) | |
| Anthrax | a reportable zoonotic dz, caused by Bacillus anthracis, also known as splenic fever, found in soil w/ neutral alkaline pH, spores remain infective in soil for 50 yrs, found throughout US. Incubation is 3-7 days. |
| Anthrax (CS) | CS: septicemia, severe pyrexia, sudden death, ataxia, dyspnea, trembling, breeding from orficed, petechia and hemorrhaging on the ventral abdomen, post mortem: absence of rigor mortis and bloating. |
| Anthrax (Dx) | Dx: if this dz is suspected DO NOT perform necropsy, bacteria will form spores that infect people. Use a sample blood swab from oozing, culture, PCR, fluorescent antibody stains. Differentiate from other diseases/disorders. |
| Anthrax (Tx and control) | Tx: Penicillin and Oxytetracycline if dz is suspected/discovered early. quarantine infected and exposed, vaccs. Control: notify officials (State/Federal Vet), control insects/rodents (vectors), CLOSE FARM, deceased animals burned and buried. |
| Bovine Spongiformencephalopathy (Mad Cow Disease) | a prion dz, progressive and fatal, transmissible through food born exposure, early symptoms include: nose licking, sneeze, snorting, head tossing, exaggerated response to stimuli. |
| Prion | a type of protein that can trigger normal proteins in the brain to fold abnormally. |
| Mad Cow | dz has progresses symptoms: hypokinesis (low head, staring), ataxia, paresis (dogsitting). Tx is ineffective. Dx is definitive only through histopath of brain tissues. Do not feed mammalian derived protein to farm animals. |
| Leptospirosis | dz caused by bacterial spirochetes. Transmitted through urine, carriers are cattle/pigs/rats/mice/dogs. CS include: abortions, hemoglobinuria, icterus, fever, low milk production, failure to conceive. |
| Leptospirosis (Dx, Tx, Vaccs) | Dx: serum agglutination test, dark field microscopy. Tx: abx, herd management Vaccs: @ 3-6 mo. (2 vaccs) and then annually. Vaccs highly recommended for breeding cows/heifers. |
| Tuberculosis (CS, DX, Tx) | CS: moist cough, large lymph nodes, low milk, progressive emaciation, lethargy, fluctuating fever. Dx; post mortem granulomas that have pus, intradermal tuberculin test. Tx: if culturedm whole herd is bought and slaughtered. No vaccs for dz. |
| Vibriosis | a venereal dz, caused by Campylobacter fetus, transmitted by copulation, AI, contaminated obstetrical instruments. CS: early embryo death, vaginitis, infetility. |
| Vibrosis (Dx, Tx, Vaccs) | Dx: culture organisms Tx: cows: sexual rest and A.I. bulls: eliminate, they harbor the organism in prepuce. Vaccs: 30-60 days prior to breeding, yearly booster, all breeding stock vaccinated. |
| Foot Rot | dz caused by Fusuformis necrophorus + Dichelobacter nodosus, transmitted by direct contact. CS: lame, foul odor, inflammation and swelling of foot, abscesses of foot, wt loss, low milk production. |
| Foot Rot (Dx, Tx, etc.) | Dx: CS's Tx: trim away dead tissue, abx, keep feet dry and clean, foot baths of 10% copper sulfate and 10% zinc sulfate. Etc: 50-60% of all foot dz is foot rot, more common in hind feet and 1 foot. |
| Salmonellosis | dz caused by Salmonella typhimurium and other sp. Affects cattle, horses, pigs, sheep , dogs, cats, humans. Transmitted by fecal contamination, carriers w/ no CS's, animal that recover will carry for a while, viable in soil/feces/water for 7 months. |
| Salmonellosis (CS) | CS -septicemia (in young animals) -acute enteritis (in adult animals) -chronic enteritis (in pigs and cattle) -abortion (in cattle) |
| Salmonellosis (Dx, Tx, control, vaccs) | Dx: fecal and/or blood cultures Tx: abx, supportive care Control: avoid dealers/sale barns, buy older animals, sanitation. Vaccs: killed autogenous bacterin is best, vaccs late in pregnancy. |
| Colibacillosis | a zoonotic dz caused by Escherichia coli. Affects horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, dogs, cats, humans, most common dz of newborn farm animals. Transmitted by ingestion, inhalation, intrauterine, naval. |
| Colibacillosis (CS, Dx, Tx, control) | CS; enteric toxemia collbacillosis, septicemic colibacillosis, enteric colibacillosis. Dx: euthanize and culture anterior gut. Tx: abx, oral/inject-able supportive care. Control: colostrum, avoid crowding, prevent fecal contamination. |
| Enteric toxemia colibacillosis | symptom of Colibacillosis, occurs in newborn animals. No diarrhea, coma, subnormal temperature and death |
| Septicemic colibacillosis | symptom of Colibacillosis, occurs in animals under 4 days of age. Depressed, diarrhea, anorexia, temperature and weakness |
| nteric colibacillosis | symptom of Colibacillosis, occurs in animals 1 week or older. Diarrhea is watery – chalk white- yellow, soiled rump and tail, elevated temp, and sometimes death |
| Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis (Pink Eye) | dz caused by Moraxella bovis, involve solar radiation, dust, flies, common in summer/spring. Transmitted through conjunctiva, flies are mechanical vectors. CS: conjunctivitis, corneal edema, epiphora, blepharospasm, photophobia, corneal ulcers, wt loss. |
| Pink Eye (Dx, Tx, vaccs, control) | Dx: CS's (differentiate from IBR), culture Tx: abx, suture eye closed, eye patches. Vaccs: bacterin, 2 doses 212 days apart, give only if 5 mo/older, 90% works. Control: fly strips, dust bags, medicated ear tags, chemicasl sprays, mineral blocks. |
| Contagious Bovine Pyelonephritis (CS, Dx, Tx) | urinary tract infection in females. CS: hematuria, pyuria, straining, frequent urination Dx: CS's and hx of pregnancy Tx: culture and sensitivity will indicate high doses of abx. |
| Anaplasmosis | dz caused by Anaplasma marginale, transmitted via blood. Carriers are resistant to clinical dz and are usually young animals. Acute form: animals over 3 yrs experience severe and often fatal anemia. |
| Anaplasmosis (Dx, Tx, control) | Dx: blood smear to identify organism on erythrocytes, send to lab. Tx: Tetracycline, blood transfusion to counteract anemia. Control: flies and ticks, vaccs don't completely protect but reduce the severity. |
| Trichomoniasis | venereal dz caused by flagellate Trichomonas foetus. Transmissible by sexual contact, frozen semen, A.I. CS: infertility, embryo death, pyometras, bull (little seen except balanoposthitis), vaginitis, no systemic illness. |
| Trichomoniasis (Dx + Tx) | Dx: CS's identify organism, swab method (vagina/prepuce), douche/wash method, pipette method, direct swab of extended penis. Tx in cows: self-limiting, sexual rest for 3-4 months Tx in bulls: treat w/ Imidazole compounds, prohibited in US food animals. |
| Aflatoxin Poisoning (CS, Dx, Tx) | caused by Aspergillus flavus, produces a hepatotoxin. CS:blindness, falling, diarrhea, abortions, convulsions, death. Dx: test feeds for bacteria, must be consumed over time to affect cattle Tx: supportive care, eliminate infected diet. |
| Bovine Leukosis | when a neoplasia of the whole lymphoreticular system and is never benign. Course of disease may be short or last for months.Caused by the Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV), transmitted by horizontal or vertical. |
| Bovine Leukosis (CS, Dx, control) | CS: enzootic BL seen in 80% of cases, in older animals. Sporadic BL seen in 20% of cases, in young animals, death in 1 year. Dx: Leukassay B antibody kit. Control: eradicate infected animals and test other herds. |
| Enzootic | relating to or denoting a disease that regularly affects animals in a particular district or at a particular season. |
| Lymphosarcoma | caused by LSA, most common neoplastic dz in cattle, affects 2-6 yrs old. Caused by malignant tumors in peripheral or deep lymph nodes. Transmitted by blood to blood or infected lymphocytes. Dx: BLV titer, no tx or vaccs, fatal, cull. |
| Wooden Tongue | caused by a gram - bacteria called Actinobacillus lignieresii, normal inhabitant of bovine oral cavity, transmitted by wounds in oral area, sticks'hay, results in granulomatous abscess of the tongue. |
| Wooden Tongue (CS, Dx, Tx) | CS: hard tongue, nodular swelling, salivation, not eating, tongue protrudes. Dx: CS's tongue exam, biopsy (C&S) Tx: Sodium iodide (IV) and abx. Prevent by reducing wound-causing feed. |
| Lumpy Jaw | caused by Actinomyces bovis (gram +), normal inhabitant of bovine mouth. Transmitted by wound/infection in mouth resulting in osteomyelitis of the mandible and possibly maxilla, can involve teeth and gums as well. |
| Osteomyelitis | inflammation of bone or bone marrow, usually due to infection. |
| Lumpy Jaw (CS, Dx, Tx) | CS: pain, inability to chew, wt loss, hard immovable body mass. Dx: exam Tx: same as wooden tongue, may need to repeat doses (more resistant), surgical debridement and curettage of infected bone |
| Freemartin | female born twin to a male, normal external female genitalia, abnormal internal genitalia, these animals are sterile. Dx by confirming lack of cervix. |
| Mastitis | inflammation of the mammary tissue, this may involve 1 or all 4 quarters, this is the most common dz of dairy cattle. |
| Types of Mastitis | -sub clinical: accounts for more than 90% of cases -clinic: most cases preceded by sub clinical -chronic: tissue replaced by fibrous connective tissue and is lost permanently. |
| Streptococcus agalactiae | causes 23% of mastitis cases. Highly contagious obligate pathogen which will not live long in the environment or on the skin. Transmitted from cow to cow. Can be eliminated from herd. |
| Staphylococcus aureus | causes 13% of mastitis cases. Inhabitant of cow’s skin and colonizes damaged skin especially teat ends. Doesn’t survive well in the environment. Can be controlled. |
| Streptococcus nonagalactaie (uberis or dysgalactiae) | causes 13% of mastitis cases. Found in the environment, impossible to eliminate. |
| E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycoplasma, Corynebacterium pyogenes, Fungus | less than 5% of mastitis cases, is really bad. |
| Mastitis Transmission | infections enter through the teat canal (commonly) or can be related to the # of organisms on the skin. Bacteria multiply in milk and go through the duct walls into lymphatics. |
| Mastitis (staph and strep CS + Tx) | CS of this bacteria in mastitis include: large white/yellow clots in the milk, swelling/firmness of gland Tx: penicillin's, cephalosporin's, etc. Infused into the gland via the teat. Milk out gland 1st, withhold milk. |
| Mastitis (E. Coli and Pseudomonas CS +Tx) | CS of this bacteria in mastitis include: brown watery milk with small flakes, acute and life threatening, chronic. Tx: E. coli treated w/ tetracycline, sulfa's, neomycin. Pseudomonas tx is unsuccessful, can try Gentocin or neomycin. |
| Mastitis (Mycoplasma CS + Tx) | CS of this bacteria in mastitis include: sudden onset and is severe, painless swelling involving the mammary gland lymph nodes, rare. Tx: no effective treatment |
| Mastitis (Fungus CS + Tx) | CS of this bacteria in mastitis include: acute and local Tx: treatment not very effective. |
| Mammary Infusion | uses a high concentrate of drug to reach the infected area, don't use same cannula on several animals, avoid milking affected quarter. Wash teat w/ antiseptic > milk > infuse antibiotic > massage |
| Mastitis (Dx) | -bacteriologic culture of milk taken aseptically -California Mastitis Test (CMT) |
| Somatic Cell Count (SCC or DMSCC) | direct microscopic: done with a coulter counter after lysing the fat globules. This may be done on individual quarters, pooled sample from all 4 quarters or a composite test from the bulk tank. |
| Strip Cup | a cup with a screen on it, looking for clots and flakes in the milk. Done on all quarters prior to milking. |
| Mastitis Consequences | -milk production losses, at least 10-20% less milk -decreased fat and non-fat solids, docked milk price -increased labor costs -loss of genetically superior animals -increased drug costs -vet costs |
| Mastitis Control | -eliminate existing infections -milk old cows and infected ones last -clean teats w/ disposable towels and teat dip -examine stripped milk -sanitation -correctly functioning milking machines -Live Animal Swab Test (LAST) |
| Johne's Disease | caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Transmitted by inutero, trans-mammary, fecal/oral, animals less than 6 mo. most susceptible. This causes severe granulmatous reaction with thick intestinal wall and protein malabsorption. |
| Johne's Disease (CS, Dx, control) | CS: diarrhea, normal appetites, wt loss, decreased milk, bottle jaw, don't show up until 2+ years old. Dx: serologic test, fecal culture, can have false results, CS's, Hx, lack of response to treatment. |
| Controlling Johne's Disease | this dz cannot be treated. Can be controlled by repeated serologic testing, fecal cultures, culling positive and sick animals, isolation protocols, voluntary testing and control program in place. |
| Foot and Mouth Disease | dz caused by a virus that affects cloven animals. CS: oral and foot lesions, transmitted by direct/indirect contact and is highly contagious. Controlled by quarantine, is a foreign disease. |
| Dermatophytosis | known as ringworm, is zoonotic, caused by dermatophytes. CS: circular lesions usually around head and neck. Treatment is self-limiting, expose to sunlight, topical and systemic anti-fungals and some say to de-worm or antibiotics. |
| Choke (CS, Dx, Tx) | caused by the obstruction of the esophagus by a foreign object. CS: excess salivation, bloat, extreme distress. Dx: CS's, confirming obstruction with tube, consider rabies when salivating. Tx: bloat relief, remove object w/ insturment, sx |
| Rumen Tympany (Bloat) | accumulation of gas in the rumen and reticulum causing distress and frequently death. Caused by obstructions/nutritional problems. |
| Bloat (CS + Tx) | CS: distention of left side of rumen, breathing distress, no appetite, can occur in little as 30 mins. Tx: relieve intrarumenal pressure, administer defaoming agents. |
| Grain Overload | occurs when beef cattle are brought into feedlots and/or cattle accidentally ingest large amounts of high energy grain feed. Rapid fermentation of carbohydrates leads to lactic acid production (lactic acidosis). |
| Grain Overload (CS, Tx, prevent) | CS: anorexia, decreasing rumen activity leading to atony, depression, soft to liquid malodorous stools, metabolic acidosis/death. Tx: empty rumen, fluid therapy, morality is high and slaughter should be considered. Prevent: gradual diet changes. |
| Atony | lack of physiological tone especially of a contractile organ. |
| Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis (Hardware Disease) | This disease is seen only in ruminants due to their anatomy, reticulum is next to the heart. Caused by sharp metal objects penetrating reticulum, diaphragm, and then heart. Causes infection and percarditis. |
| Hardware Disease (CS, Dx, Tx, Px) | CS: anorexia, temp 103-104*F, RR: 30BPM, HR: 90BPM, behavior changes, sudden drop in milk, death. Dx: Hx, CS's, Xiphoid reflex, Withers reflex, ,metal detector. Tx: abx, rumenotomy Px: generally poor, depends. Prophylaxis: magnets, metal-free food |
| Prophylaxis | action taken to prevent disease, especially by specified means or against a specified disease. |
| Left Displaced Abomasum (LDA) | most common displacement, abomasum will be low and to the right on the left side. Caused by heavy grain feed, birth, mounting during estrus, most often a secondary issue. |
| LDA (CS, Dx, Tx) | CS; sudden food decrease, decrease in rumen sounds and milk, ketosis, paralumbar fossa swelling, ping heard upon auscultation. Dx: auscultation on the left behind ribs. Tx: rolling, sx (LDA sx, Blind suturing, other) |
| LDA in Pregnancy | probable that during pregnancy the rumen is lifted from the abdominal floor by the enlarged uterus and the abomasum is pushed forward to the left under the rumen. |
| Right Displaced Abomasum (RDA) | usually happens with a torsion, is an ER situation, require sx to correct. |
| Agroceriosis (starvation) | caused by diet deficiency, poor wuality, late gestation in 50% of cases, seen in late winter//early spring. CS: emaciation, anemia, edema (bottle jaw), ketosis, bloated Dx: CS, Hx, differentiate from underlying symptoms. |
| Starvation (Tx + Px) | Tx: Glucose, electrolytes, rumen booster, shelter, heat, TLC, abx, therapeutic abortion. Px: poor once the animal has gone down. |
| Metabolic Nutritional Disorders | pathological condition that occur because of the presence or absence of certain chemical factors. In these conditions, there are not any infections. Can be result of nutritional imbalances. |
| HHypocalcemia (Milk Fever) | seen in high producing dairy cattle, often within 72 hrs of birth. Caused by low calcium levels due to low diets levels and high amounts lost in lactation. |
| Milk Fever (CS) | Early CS: generalized muscle tremors, ear twitch, head bob, excitable and hypersensitive, ataxia, vocalization. Advanced CS: anorexia, subnormal temp, down cow w/ one head turned to the side, atonic anal sphincter, lack borborygmus, tachycardia, death |
| Milk Fever (Dx, Tx, prevent) | Dx: hx, CS's, blood chemistry tests for calcium, magnesium, and ketones. Tx: IV calcium gluconate, must monitor HR. Prevent: good quality rations, can give Vitamin D. |
| Calving Paralysis | occurs due to trauma and associated inflammation to the obturator and peroneal nerves. Damage to obturator nerce causes unable to rise, will be spraddle-legged. Px is fair to guarded. Tx include nursing care and preventing the "crush syndrome." |
| Ketosis | metabolic condition caused by hypoglycemia, seen in heavily lactation cows, insufficient amounts of carbohydrates are ingested. |
| Ketosis (CS, Dx, Tx) | CS; anorexia, pica, constipation, depressed, staring, wt loss, rapid decrease in milk, bellowing, staggering. Dx: CS's and Hx, ketonuria, ketonemia, low glood glucose. Tx: IV glucose,^ carbohydrates, steroid injection, oral admin of propylene glycol |
| Pica | a cows' desire to eat things that do not have any nutritional value |
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