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AP World-Unit 2
AP World Unit 2- Networks of Exchange
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sultanate of Delhi | An Islamic empire based in Delhi in India that stretched over large parts of northern India for 320 years (1206-1526). They were never able to claim territory in the southern portion of India. |
| Yurt | A portable round tent used in Turkish and Mongolian traditions |
| Temujin | AKA Genghis Khan was the founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. Died 1227. |
| Khubilai Khan | Founded the Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty 1271-1368. Was known for religious tolerance, however, he did not allow the Chinese to hold positions of power. Allowed Mongols (and foreigners) to administer provinces of China based on merit. Endorsed artwork & trade. |
| Pax Mongolica | Latin for “Mongol peace,” describes a period of relative stability in Eurasia under the Mongol Empire during the 13th and 14th centuries. It brought a period of stability among the people who lived in the conquered territory. |
| Ilkhanate | a Mongol Khanate in SW Asia. Ruled, initially, by Hulegu. It was involved in several battles over the next century against its three chief neighboring states: the Chagatai to the east, the Golden Horde to the north, and Mamluk Egypt to the west. |
| Yuan | 1271-1368 The Yuan Dynasty was a Mongol dynasty in China established by the conqueror Khubilai Khan. For more information on the Yuan, see Khubilai Khan above. |
| Tamerlane | (aka Timur Link) (April 8, 1336–February 18, 1405) was the ferocious and terrifying founder of the Timurid empire of Central Asia, eventually ruling much of Europe and Asia. He conquered most of the Muslim world, central Asia, and parts of India. |
| Ming Yongle | 3rd emperor of the Ming 1368-1644. He made contributions to Chinese history such as moving the capital to Beijing and beginning construction of the Forbidden City. He also opened up China to the world, notably sponsoring the 7 voyages of Zheng He. |
| Khan | Title given to the leader of the Mongol tribes. |
| Battle of Manzikert | The decisive battle between the Byzantine and the Seljuk Turks that sent shockwaves through Europe because the Byzantine were defeated and the Byzantine emperor was captured. Opened the doors for further Turkish invasion. |
| Seljuk | A Turkish group that founded an empire in what is now much of the Middle East. |
| Golden Horde | the Mongols in Russia. Russia was unattractive to the Mongols who threatened to use it for pastureland for their horses. They taxed the Russians heavily until Ivan the Great ran the weakened Mongols out of Russia. |
| Hulegu | Mongol founder of the Ilkhanate of Persia. He destroyed their qanat system (their irrigation system) and cruelly suppressed the people. Ilkhanate means “subordinate khan) showing that his domain was considered lesser than the other khanates. |
| Marco Polo | a Venetian merchant, explorer, and writer who travelled through Asia along the Silk Road between 1271 and 1295. He befriended Kublai Khan in China. His writings influenced many Europeans to want to trade with China. |
| Bantu Migration | traveled across Africa harvesting bananas. As they traveled, they spread technology and, more importantly, their language across Sub-Saharan Africa causing many people in Africa to adopt the Bantu language. |
| Stateless Society | a society that is not governed by a state, or, especially in common American English, has no government. |
| Sundiata Keita | a prince and founder of the Mali Empire. The Malian ruler Mansa Musa, known for being the wealthiest person of all time, was his great-nephew. He lived from 1190-1255. |
| Gold-salt trade | Africa had a great deal of gold which they would exchange for salt which they had in short supply and was needed both for seasoning and for better health. |
| Mansa Musa | 9th mansa (king) of the Mali Empire in western Africa, which reached its territorial peak during his reign. Musa was known for his wealth and gift-giving, and has sometimes been called one of the wealthiest people in history. |
| Ibn Battuta | a scholar and explorer who travelled extensively in the lands of Afro-Eurasia, largely in the Muslim world, travelling more than any other explorer in pre-modern history. Over a period of 30 years, he visited most of southern Eurasia. |
| Age Groups | In Africa, at birth, children are grouped with other children into an age group. The groups are given tasks that are appropriate for their age. As they age, they take on more difficult or important tasks. |
| Maya Empire | developed the science of astronomy, calendar systems, and hieroglyphic writing. Known for creating ceremonial architecture. Known for using obsidian tools and for human sacrifice. primary crop was maize. |
| Chichen Itza | The capital of the Mayan Empire in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. |
| Aztec/Mexica Empire | an alliance of 3 city states: Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan. Ruled in the Valley of Mexico from 1428 until the combined forces of the Spanish conquistadores under Hernán Cortés defeated them in 1521.Their population was decimated by smallpox.. |
| Mound Builders | A number of pre-Columbian cultures are collectively termed "Mound Builders". The term does not refer to a specific people or archaeological culture, but refers to the characteristic mound earthworks erected for an extended period of more than 5,000 years. |
| Tenochtitlan | Largest city of the Aztec/Mexica Empire. It is in modern day Mexico City. The Spanish sacked it in 1521 after a three year war with the Aztec. They leveled the city, filled in the lake that the island city was built on. |
| Iroquois | a Native American people originally found in the Northeastern United States. They were known for having democracy and for utilizing the “three sisters” form of agriculture with corn, squash, and beans intercropped together. |
| Cahokia | found near St. Louis Missouri were the largest of the Mound Builder mounds. 700-1400 AD. |
| Inca Empire | Civilization known for creating the largest empire in the Americas, their impressive agricultural techniques. They had suspension bridges and highways that amazed the Spanish Conquistadors. They were conquered by the Spanish under Pizarro in 1532. |
| Huitzilopochitli | One of the most important Aztec gods. He was the god of war and the sun |
| Chinampa | The agricultural system used by the Aztec. Living on a marshy lake, the Aztec would rake up the muck from the bottom of a late and brace it with reeds to make artificial islands to plant their crops and use boats to get from one island to another. |
| Quezacoatl | The feathered serpent god of the Aztec. The Aztec mistook the Cortez for Quetzalcoatl when they saw him because of the cross on his shield (an arrow through a tree), his firearms (lightning sticks from the gods), his horse (a dragon), and his appearance. |
| Quipu | a system of knots in ropes that the Inca used for remember things. Some suggest it was a sort of early binary code as the Inca had no known system of writing. |
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