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APWorld Unit 1
AP World Unit 1- Romans through the Post-Classical World
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Paul of Tarsus | A Christian apostle from early Christianity known for spreading the Christian faith westward to western Europe. |
| Senate | The Roman Senate was a governing assembly in ancient Rome made up of aristocrats called patricians, lower class citizens called plebeians (plebs) and led by two leaders called consuls. |
| Patricians | Wealthy people in Rome. Held most of the power but made up a small fraction of Roman society. |
| Tribunes | Title of the various offices held in ancient Rome. Ex. Military tribunes were responsible for administrative duties while the general lead the troops |
| Octavian Augustus | Octavian was Julius Caesar’s nephew. After Caesar’s assassination, Octavian would win a war against Antony and Cleopatra, return to Rome victorious, and hold the title of Rome’s first emperor. He gained the title Augustus which means “revered one” |
| Mare nostrum | Means “our sea” and refers to the Mediterranean. At its height, the Roman Empire encompassed the Mediterranean and they used it as a sort of highway to administer their far-flung empire. |
| Pater familias | Refers to the male head of household. In Rome, the pater familias held almost unquestioned authority in the home. He could even have unruly children jailed or killed. |
| Jesus of Nazareth | 4BC-30/33CE also referred to as Jesus Christ was a first century Jewish preacher and religious leader who founded the religion of Christianity. He was crucified by the Romans who feared he would incite a rebellion in their empire. |
| Consuls | Chairmen of the Senate. There were two of them and they commanded the Roman army and exercised the highest juridical power in the Roman empire. They are similar to kings. |
| Plebeians | The poor people of Rome |
| Punic Wars | 3 wars fought between the Roman Republic and the nation of Carthage between 264BC and 146 BC. Rome won all three. In the second war, Hannibal Barca led 90,000 men and war elephants over the Alps into Italy. However, he was defeated by theRoman army. |
| Julius Caesar | A member of the 1st triumvirate, he named himself “dictator for life” and was assassinated by the Roman Senate who stabbed him 23 times. His nephew, Octavian, would later become the first emperor of Rome |
| Pax Romana | Means “Roman Peace” and refers to the peace that came to much of Europe due to Roman administration and the Roman military presence. It was a time of relative safety and trade throughout the Mediterranean region. |
| Bread and circuses | Refers to the act of keeping the people’s minds busy with food and entertainment at the gladiatorial arena while Rome crumbled. |
| Triumvirate | The sharing of power by 3 individuals. The first triumvirate of Rome was made up of Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey. The second triumvirate of Rome was made up of Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus. |
| Han Wudi | 7th emperor of the Han Dynasty known as the Martial Emperor due to his military conquests. He strengthened the centralized power of the Han empire and demanded better education for his people so that China would have better bureaucrats. |
| Monsoons | Seasonal winds in South Asia that between May and September bring rain and from October to April makes it to where it doesn’t rain. |
| Manichaeism | A religion founded by a prophet named Mani that taught dualistic cosmology (the struggle between light and dark, good and evil) It had elements of various religions such as Christianity, paganism, etc. |
| Bubonic plague | Infection spread by fleas that traveled on rodents. At its height, it was known as the Black Death and killed millions of people . However, it also indirectly ended feudalism by causing labor shortage making it possible for people to demand fair pay. |
| Diocletian | Roman emperor from 284 to 305 AD. He was known for dividing the Roman Empire into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. This new, divided, empire would have two capitals and two emperors. |
| Constantinople | The capital of the Eastern Roman Empire (later the Byzantine Empire). |
| Huns | The Huns (including Attila) were nomadic warriors who terrorized much of Europe in the 4th and 5th centuries AD. They are indirectly responsible for the fall of Rome. They pushed the goths into Rome where they would later sack the city. |
| Nestorians | Christian sect that originated in Syria stressing the independence of the divine and human nature of Christ and , in effect, suggesting that they are two persons loosely united. |
| Syncretic/syncretism | Syncretism is the blending of two things. |
| Smallpox | A contagious disease responsible for killing millions of people before it was eradicated. In fact, it killed an estimated 90% of the Native American population after the Europeans made contact. |
| Constantine | Greatest leader of the Byzantine Empire. He was known for codifying law, created the city of Constantinople, made Christianity the official religion, and for caesaropapism (blending political and religious power to give himself ultimate authority) |
| Visigoths and Ostrogoths | two Germanic groups who were pushed toward the heart of the Roman Empire by the Huns. They would work as mercenary troops for the Romans but would eventually sack the city of Rome multiple times. |
| Attila | The greatest leader of the Huns. He assailed the Roman Empire and invaded the Balkans, Greece, Gaul and Italy, pushing nomadic Germanic groups into the heart of Rome. |
| Western and Eastern Empires | Rome was divided by Diocletian in 285 to better administer a weakening and overly large empire. See Diocletian for more information |
| St. Augustine | The most significant Christian tinker after St. Paul. He adapted classical thought to Christian teaching. |
| Caesaropapism | The practice of the Byzantine Emperor taking full political and religious authority and being seen as semi-divine, thus strengthening his authority |
| Corpus iuris civilis | Means “the body of civil law” and is the law code of the Byzantine created by Constantine. |
| Greek fire | A flammable substance (much like napalm) that could not be extinguished by fire. It was created and used by the Byzantine navy on the ships of Arab invaders. |
| Schism | Schism means “division”. Ex. The schism of Islam divided Islam into two branches: Sunni and Shia. |
| Hagia Sophia | A magnificent building built as a church by the Byzantine emperor Constantius (son of Constantine). It was later made into a mosque by the Muslims when they conquered the area and stands as a museum today. |
| Theme system | Administrative districts in the Byzantine empire. Like counties or provinces. It allowed for easy administration of the massive empire. |
| Iconoclasm | the breaking of graven religious statues, etc in the Byzantine Empire. |
| Crusades | 1095-1291- A series of Holy Wars between the Muslims and Western Europe. The pope encouraged Western European leaders to "help" hoping to take land from the Byzantine. Some also wanted to control the Holy Land due to its association with Christianity. |
| Jerusalem | Considered by many to be one of the holiest places in the world for the three largest monotheistic faiths: Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. The Crusades were fought between Christians and Muslims for control of this city and the surrounding “Holy Land.” |
| Mecca | The birthplace of Islam. Muhammad was run out of Mecca when he started spreading his faith and forced to flee to Medina in what is known as the Hijrah. He later, after gathering a following of devout Muslims in Medina, returned to Mecca. |
| Sasanid Empire | The last great Persian empire before the Muslim conquest/Islam. They were “stuck” between the Byzantine and Kushan of India, but were respected for trade with both. Known for building the underground qanat (irrigation systems) and Zoroastrianism. |
| Medina | The first city to embrace Muhammad and Islam. He fled to this city after being rejected in his hometown of Mecca. |
| Muhammad | Died 632 AD. The founder of the Muslim faith of Islam. |
| Muslim | People who practice Islam. Comes in a variety of branches and sects such as Sunni, Shia, and Sufi. |
| Islam | The faith of the Muslims. They are monotheistic, read the Quran , and practice the Five Pillars of Islam. |
| Five Pillars of Islam | 1) profession of faith 2) Prayer- praying to Mecca five times a day 3) alms-giving to those in need 4) fasting during the daylight hours of Ramadan, and 5) Pilgrimage-if able where they make a trip to Mecca and visit the Ka’ba. |
| Sharia | Islamic law based on the teaching of the Quran and the traditions of the Prophet prescribing both religious and secular duties for all Muslims as well as penalties for lawbreaking. |
| Ka’ba | A frame building at the center of the great Mosque in Mecca said to have been built by Abraham and his son Ishmael in antiquity. Houses the Ka’ba stone which is a black stone (said to be a meteorite) that was given to Adam after he was expelled from Eden. |
| Sunni | A sect of Islam that believes that the leader of Muslims should be appointed on the basis of who would be the best leader and that this person should be appointed by the Muslims themselves. |
| Shia | A sect of Islam that believes that the leader of the Muslims should be someone that is a descendent of Ali (the son in law of Muhammad). Please note that they go by the son in law because Muhammad did not have any sons to carry on his name. |
| Hijra | Muhammad’s flight to Medina after being rejected by the people of Mecca. |
| Umayyad | First Muslim dynasty to create a Caliphate (a dynasty led by a religious/political leader). Known for conquering a lot of territory, taxing non Muslims (Jizya), and falling due to their policy of dar al-Islam. |
| Ulama | “learned ones” who are responsible for interpreting religious knowledge of Islam for the Muslim people. |
| Harun al-Rashid | Greatest of the Abbasid caliphs. Under his rule, the Abbasid became incredibly wealthy through taxes. He made the Abbasid a cultural center. He was known for charity and positive relationships including Charlemagne to whom he gave a white elephant. |
| Sufi | Islamic mystics. They are criticized by many in the Muslim community for teaching that Islam is solely based on an emotional connection to Allah as opposed to following any set rules. |
| “seal of the prophets” | Refers to Muhammad. He is considered the “seal of the prophets” in that he claimed to be the final prophet sent by God as a messenger for mankind. The previous prophets including Moses and Jesus. |
| Dar al-Islam | Means “the house of Islam”. Refers to the concept that the wealthy houses of the Umayyad (including aristocrats and military elite) were given preferential treatment. This would later cause problems as they became too decadent and the dynasty fell apart. |
| Jihad | means “struggle” and refers to a struggle against the infidels/enemies of Islam |
| Hajj | refers to the pilgrimage to Mecca in Saudi Arabia that Muslims are strongly encouraged to take once in their lifetime as one of the Five Pillars of Islam |
| Caliph | refers to the “successor of the prophet Muhammad” who holds the office of the political leader of the Muslim community. A Caliphate refers to the region the Caliph rules. |
| Umma | Refers to the Muslim community of believers. It transcends nationality, race, and class division to unite all Muslims. |
| Abbasid | 750-1258.Was known for fair administration and stability. Split their territory into provinces and put them under the care of Ulama and Qadis. Fell because it was a little TOO divided and the dynasty gradually fell apart due to no clear line of succession |
| Qadis | Religious judges who used the Quran and Sharia to judge cases |
| Sultan | a political leader of a Muslim community. Please note that they are different from Caliphs in that they were not viewed as religious leaders in place of Muhammad. They were just political leaders. |
| Sui Dynasty | 581-618- Used the Civ Service Exam to find the best gov workers. Buddhism. LEGALIST. Crops for money = commercial ag. Patronage system with Korea, Vietnam, & Japan. War with Korea. Fell due to high taxes & slave labor. Built Grand Canal (= money!) |
| Tang Dynasty | 618-907- Educated, wealthy landed elite in control of bureaucracy. Neo-Confucianism. Rose due to military leaders who defeated Sui. Fell due to abuse of poor & the emperor liking women too much. Created “flying cash” a form of credit or check. |
| Tang Taizong | 598-649. The second emperor of the Tang Dynasty and considered one of the greatest leaders in Chinese history for his government reforms, religious tolerance, and encouragement of trade. Under his rule, China was known for peace and prosperity. |
| Uighers | A Turkish ethnic group from Central and East Asia |
| Foot binding | Breaking wealthy young girls’ feet and binding them tightly with silk so when they heal, they are horribly deformed. It was a status symbol during the Tang. Less wealthy girls did not have their feet bound because they needed to work the fields. |
| Gunpowder | Invented during the Tang Dynasty around 850 AD. It would later inspire the creation of firearms and spread westward to Central Asia and, later, Europe. |
| Chan/Zen Buddhism | A mixture of Mahayana Buddhism and Chinese Daoism. It promised enlightenment by seeing one’s original mind. Big on intuition and not study or philosophy. |
| Neo-Confucianism | Created during Tang Dynasty as a response to the threat of Buddhism in China. More rationalized than both Daoism and Buddhism |
| Samurai | a warrior class in Japan loyal to the wealthy lords (daimyo). If a samurai failed his daimyo, they would often perform hara-kiri (suicide by disembowelment by their own sword) as an honorable alternative to disgrace or execution. |
| Dhows and Junks | Dhows were triangular sailed ships that were very fast and maneuverable used by Arabians. Junks were massive square sailed ships used by people in Eastern Asia (China in particular). |
| The Grand Canal | Built by the Sui Dynasty, the canal made the exchange of goods, news, people, etc quicker than ever before and would be profitable for the Chinese people. |
| Equal Field System | Created during the Tang Dynasty, it sought to make sure that people got land based on what they could do with it and the quality of the land. |
| Fast ripening/double yield rice | This rice ripened faster than traditional strains of rice and was heartier. A family could often get more than once harvest per season. This led to a larger food supply that could feed more people than ever before. |
| Porcelain | Popularized by the Tang Dynasty, porcelain was highly prized around the world. |
| Printing Press | created around 1040 AD by the Song Dynasty. It would later spread westward across Eurasia. |
| Paper Money | Also known as “flying cash”, paper money was created during the Tang dynasty as “certificates” for traditionally used coinage like gold and silver. |
| Harsha | An Indian prince who temporarily reunified Northern India. He was Buddhist and gave generously to the poor. Fell victim to assassination by another Indian prince as he tried to unify all of India. |
| Sultanate of Delhi | An Islamic empire based in Delhi in India that stretched over large parts of northern India for 320 years (1206-1526). They were never able to claim territory in the southern portion of India. |
| Jati | a subcaste of the caste system. |
| Charlemagne | 742-814. He was the king of the Franks and later crowned emperor by the Pope in 800. He founded the Carolingian Dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire 800-1806 (yes, over a thousand years!) |
| Vikings | Northern European warriors known for raiding much of Europe (they could sail up rivers, etc). They were known for discovering North America as well as forcing feudal Europe to develop stronger governments (to deal with their raids!) |
| Holy Roman Empire | 800-1806 A long-lasting empire. It envisioned itself as a dominion for Christendom in the tradition of the Roman Empire and was characterized by strong Papal authority. |
| Vassals | people granted the use of a King’s land in return for their services. Included homage, fealty, and military services by lords. |
| Pope Gregory I | strengthened the role of the church by encouraging people to say sacraments and confess their sins. He strengthened the role of the Pope in Roman Catholicism by reasserting authority over Bishops and claiming the Bishop of Rome (the Pope) as the leader |
| Hanseatic League | aka Hansa (1356-1862) was a federation of northern European and German towns and cities that worked together to facilitate trade and protect their interests. |
| Chivalry | the combination of qualities expected of an ideal knight, especially courage, honor, courtesy, justice, and a readiness to help the weak |
| Thomas Aquinas | was the greatest of the Scholastic philosophers. He synthesized Christian theology and scientific method (Aristotle) and influenced Roman Catholic doctrine. |
| Reconquista | a centuries-long series of battles by Christian states to expel the Muslims (Moors), who from the 8th century ruled most of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). |
| Bubonic Plague | . Called the Black Death, it killed millions of Europeans, East Asians, and Arabs during the Middle Ages. significant because, due to the labor shortage, western Europe was able to end feudalism as people were able to demand more money. |
| Clovis | First king of the Franks who united the Franks under one rule. His rule was an important shift from the disarray that resulted from the fall of the Roman Empire to rule by king. |
| Serfs | The term serf refers to the people who worked the land of lords in exchange for a roof over their heads and a share of the crops. |
| Manors/Manorialism | The political, economic, and social system by which the peasants of medieval Europe were rendered dependent on their land and on their lord and life revolved around the manor. |
| William of Normandy | Was one of the mightiest nobles in France as the duke of Normandy, but he is best remembered for leading the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, which changed the course of English history and earned him the name William the Conqueror. |
| Three Estates (France) | France under the Ancien Régime (before the French Revolution) divided society into three estates: the First Estate (clergy); the Second Estate (nobility); and the Third Estate (commoners). The king was considered part of no estate. |
| Guilds | an association of craftsmen or merchants formed for mutual aid and protection and for the furtherance of their professional interests |
| Pilgrimage | going to a religious site as a show of devotion and respect. Ex. Muslims often go on a pilgrimage to Mecca because that was the birthplace of Islam and the home of Muhammad. |
| Leif Erikson | a Norse explorer who is thought to have been the first European to have set foot on continental North America, approximately half a millennium before Christopher Columbus. |
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