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Human Geography-sj
AP Human Geography
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| carrying capacity | the population size of a species that the environment can sustain indefinitely given the available resources |
| overpopulation | a situation in which the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living |
| demography | the scientific study of population characteristics |
| census | a complete enumeration of a population |
| ecumene | the portion of earths surface occupied by permanent human settlement |
| arable land | land suited for agriculture |
| demographic transition model | model that shows the shift in a countrys demographics over time |
| population momentum | the additional growth that countries experience after CBR declines |
| ZPG | zero population growth, condition of demographic balance where the # of people in a specified population neither grows nor declines |
| Anti-natalist policy | population policy which aims to discourage births |
| pro-natalist policy | population policy which aims to encourage births |
| push factor | what is pushing you out of a location |
| pull factor | what is pulling you to a location |
| forced migration | permanent movement compelled by cultural or environmental factors |
| voluntary migration | permanent move under taken by choice |
| Net (in/out) migration | total # of immigrants and emigrants and which is more |
| Guest worker | a term used for a worker who migrates to a developed country in search of a higher paying job |
| step migration | migration that follows a path of a series of stages or steps toward a final destination |
| intervening obstacle | an environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration |
| refugee | people who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution |
| asylum seeker | someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee |
| internally displaced people | someone who has been forced to migrate (like a refugee) but has not migrated across an international border |
| culture | the customs, arts, social institutions and achievements of a particular nation people or other social group |
| habit | a repetitive act by a person |
| custom | repetitive act by a group of people |
| folk culture | culture traditionally practiced by a small homogenous rural group living in relative isolation from other groups, mysterious hearths |
| popular culture | culture found in large heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics |
| toponym | a place name usually a reflection of history, the founders, or physical features |
| sequent occupance | contributions or imprints left on a place by different groups who have occupied that space |
| cultural landscape | combination of cultural, economic and natural elements that make up my landscape |
| diffusion | spread of an idea/feature |
| expansion diffusion | diffusion in an additive process |
| relocation diffusion | diffusion through movement of people |
| hierarchical diffusion | expansion diffusion from people or nodes of authority to other persons/places |
| language branch | collection of languages within a family related through common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago |
| language family | collection of languages within a super family related through common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history |
| dialect | a regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling and pronunciation |
| lingua franca | a language mutually understood commonly used in interactions by people who have different native languages |
| creole language | a fully formed language created by a mix of other languages (usually one is colonizers+native) |
| pidgin language | grammatically simplified language made up of 2 or more languages |
| contagious diffusion | rapid expansion diffusion widespread throughout the population |
| stimulus diffusion | expansion diffusion of underlying principles while other details change |
| ethnocentrism | evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of ones own customs |
| cultural relativism | stepping back and look at the whole cultural picture before judging (or dont judge at all) |
| uniform/homogeneous landscape | the spatial expression of a popular custom in one location being similar to one another |
| language group | a collection of languages within branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past |
| centripetal force | a cultural value that tends to unify people |
| centrifugal force | a cultural value that tends to pull people apart |
| universalizing religion | a religion that attempts to operate on a global scale and to appeal to all people wherever they reside |
| ethnic religion | a religion which primarily attracts one group of people living in one place with a common ancestry |
| assimilation | process of a minority group or culture adopting the dominant groups culture and becoming the same |
| acculturation | balancing of two cultures while adapting to the prevailing culture of the society |
| syncretism | when aspects of different cultures blend together to form something new and unique |
| commercial agriculture | farming for a profit |
| subsistence agriculture | farming for your household |
| slash and burn | form of shifting cultivation, vegetation is cut down and burned off before new seeds are sown |
| terraces | a series of leveled flat areas resembling steps |
| deforestation | clearing a wide area of trees |
| desertification | processes by which fertile land becomes desert |
| soil salinization | soil gets salty |
| double cropping | two harvests in the same field in the same year |
| intensive agriculture | large amounts of labor and money is used relative to the land area |
| extensive agriculture | small amounts of labor and money is used relative to the land area |
| 2nd Agricultural Revolution | innovations in breeding practices and tools lead to a food surplus and allowed the growth of cities to increase, coincides with Industrial Revolution, early 1700s |
| Green Revolution/ 3rd Agricultural Revolution | rapid diffusion of new age techniques especially in high yield seeds and fertilizers after WWll mid 1900s |
| food security | peoples ability to access sufficient safe nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life |
| food desert | an area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain no car AND supermarket 1+ mile away |
| horticulture | growing fruits veggies and flowers |
| milk shed | the area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied |
| monocropping | an agricultural method that utilizes large planting of a single species of variety year after year |
| 0rganic agriculture | approach to farming and ranching that avoids herbicides pesticides growth hormones and other synthetic inputs |
| imperialism | a policy of extending a country's power/influence through diplomacy or military force |
| balkanization | a multinational country breaking up along ethnic lines |
| devolution | a transfer/delegation of power to a lower level especially by central gov to local or regional administration |
| irredentism | a policy advocating the restoration to a country of any territory formerly belonging to it |
| chokepoint | a narrow passage on land or sea that is an important passage route |
| shatter belts | strategic geographic areas that are positioned between great powers and divided between the two, usually heavily conflicted |
| neocolonism | the use of economic, political, cultural or other pressures to control/influence other countries especially former dependencies |
| territoriality | a country or community's attachment to an area as expressed by its determination to keep/defend it |
| international boundary | boundary between two sovereign nations |
| internal boundary | boundary within a nation |
| geometric boundary | boundary formed by arcs or straight lines despite physical/cultural features of the land |
| physical boundaries | boundary matching with significant features of natural land |
| relic boundary | boundary no longer functioning but still detectable |
| superimposed boundary | boundary imposed on an area by conquering/colonizing power and ignoring previous boundaries/cultures |
| cultural boundaries | international/internal running along cultural features such as language religion or ethnicity |
| redistricting | process of redrawing or drawing political districts |
| gerrymandering | manipulation of political boundaries to give advantage to one group over another |
| enclave | a territory that is completely surrounded by another territory |
| ethnic enclave | geographic area with a high ethnic concentration different from the surrounding area |
| ethnoburb | a suburban area with a noticeable cluster of an ethnic majority |
| redlining | process where financial institutions draw red colored line and map and refuse to lend money for people to purchase or improve property within lines |
| block busting | process where real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear for new colored neighbors |
| white flight | migration of white people from areas becoming more racially/ethnically diverse |
| apartheid | legal separation of races into different geographic areas in south africa (ended in 1991) |
| nation | 1- a country 2-a large group of people who are united by common cultural characteristics or by shared history |
| nation-state | state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular nation |
| nationalism | a loyalty and devotion to a nation promoting a national consciousness that exalts one nation above others |
| ethnic cleansing | a purposefully policy designed to remove an ethnicity/religious group by violent and terror-inspiring means from an area |
| genocide | mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate them from existence |
| sovereignty | ability of a state to govern its territory and foreign affairs free from outside control |
| state | area organized into a political unit, established government, ruler over own affairs, permanent population residents |
| multinational state | a country that contains two or more nations with some sovereignty that co-exist peacefully |
| multi state nation | one nation or people spread across more than one state |
| multiethnic state | a state with multiple ethnicities not divided up by territories |
| microstate | a very small country |
| self determination | the concepts that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves |
| supranational organization | a multinational union in which member countries cede some authority and sovereignty for the good of the group |
| city state | a type of microstate comprised of a city and the surroundings |
| autonomous region | an area of a country that has a degree of freedom (autonomy) from external authority |
| semi-autonomos region | grated SOME freedom from a larger controlling region |
| colonialism | an attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political economic and cultural principles in another territory |
| GDP, GNP, GNI | gross domestic product, gross national product, gross national income, the value of the total output of goods/services produced in a country in a year |
| HDI | human development index, developed by the UN to measure a country's development level, income, education, life expectancy |
| inequality adjusted HDI | a modified HDI to account for inequality |
| GII | Gender inequality index, measure the country's gender inequality, health, empowerment, labor market |
| uneven development | the increasing gap in economic conditions within some countries and between core and peripheral countries due to economic development |
| dependency theory | the theory that resources flow from the periphery to the core the benefit MDC at the expense of LDC |
| microloans | small loans given to people in LDCs to start a small business/improve living conditions |
| commodity dependence | an economy relies on the export of primary commodities for more than 60% of earnings |
| ecotourism | tourism directed towards exotic often threatened natural environments to support conservation |
| UN sustainable development goals | UN's collection of 17 interlinked goals to achieve a more sustainable future made in 2015 hoped to be achieved by 2030 |
| agglomeration | a collection of things economics-collection of firms/industries that locate near eachother |
| Just-in-time delivery | process of making/delivering products at the exact time they are needed, you get supplies as you go |
| outsourcing | contracting work abroad |
| free trade zone/ export pro | an area where goods may be imported/stored, handled, manufactured or reconfigured reported under specific custom regulations and often no taxes |
| central place | marker area for the exchange of services by people from the surrounding area |
| range | the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service |
| threshold | the minimum number of people needed to support a service |
| market area/ hinterland | the area surrounding a central place |
| central place theory | walter christaller's theory that settlements serve as central places providing service to surrounding areas |
| primate city rule | type of settlement pattern, the largest settlement has more than 2x as many people as the 2nd ranking settlement |
| rank size rule | type of settlement pattern, the nth largest settlement is 1/nth the population of the largest settlement |
| gravity model | predicts the interaction between two cities, interaction is directly impacted by population and inversely by distance |
| metropolitan statistical area | measures to functional area of an urban settlement and created with a census data, overlapping urbanized areas |
| urbanized area | area with at least 50,000 people |
| urban cluster | area with 2500-50,000 people |
| CBD | central business district, area of a city where retail and office activities cluster |
| squatter/informal settlement | residential area where occupants have no legal claim to land (not legal buildings), slums |
| sprawl | unrestricted growth in urban areas over large expanses fo land with little concern for urban planning |
| zoning | laws governing how land can and cannot be used |
| mixed land use | contains 2 or more major types of land uses (residential, commercial, institutional) |
| new urbanism | part of the smart growth movement, based on principles like -walkable communities, housing and shopping close, public spaces |
| sustainable design/ smart growth policies | urban design that considers the environmental/social/economic impacts (preventing sprawl) |
| greenbelts | zoning laws the keep areas of largely undeveloped/wild/agricultural lands surrounding urban areas |
| slow growth cities | urban communities where the planners have put smart growth initiatives into place to decrease the rate the city grows horizontally for spread |
| gentrification | process of poor urban areas changing by wealthy middle class people moving in and improving the area (often driving out the poor) |
| exurbs | the small communities lying beyond the suburbs of a city |
| boomburg | a large, rapidly growing city that remains essentially suburban in character |
| brownfields | land previously used for commercial/industrial use and is contaminated |
| self sufficiency path | limit imports, isolation, equal investment/ income but bad for international relationships |
| international trade path | focusing on specific goods and trading a lot with other countries but leads to uneven development |
| Rostows 5 stages of development | traditional society, preconditions take off, take off, drive to maturity |
| formal region | uniform, everyone shares at least one common characteristic that can be proven |
| functional region | nodal, has a central focal point and functions around this point with the principle of distance decay |
| vernacular/ perceptual region | perceptual, based off of perception with no definite borders and characteristics or views can vary |
| site | the physical characteristics of a place |
| situation/ relative location | characteristics of how a place relates to something else |
| Demographic Transition model | model to show how a country develops over time by warren thompson |
| CBR | crude birth rate, how many babies are born in a year |
| CDR | crude death rate, how many people die in a year |
| NIR | natural increase rate, the rate at which the population is increasing |
| TFR | total fertility rate |
| IMR | infant mortality rate, how many babies die |
| life expectancy | how long someone is expected to live in a given country |
| arithmetic density | population divided by land area |
| physiological density | population divided by arable land |
| agricultural density | farmers divided by arable land |
| reference maps | shows boundaries, location names, roads, railroads, coastlines, rivers lakes, ect. ex-political map and physical map |
| thematic maps | maps specifically designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographical area |
| 1st Agricultural Revolution | 10,000 years ago, coincided with the end of the ice age |
| livestock ranching | commercial agriculture in developed countries in temperate climates, meat milk eggs causes greenhouse grasses and overgrazing |
| mediterranean agriculture | commercial agriculture in developed countries in dry climates making plants like grapes, nuts, and citrus |
| commercial gardening/truck farming/ fruit farming | commercial agriculture in developed countries located anywhere with fruits, small vegetables, mushrooms and other small crops is very environmentally friendly |
| Mixed crop and livestock agriculture | commercial agriculture found in both developed and developing countries like in europe and the US midwest making things like dairy, meat, grains |
| dairy agriculture | commercial agriculture in developed countries making dairy products with lots of greenhouse gas emissions |
| grain agriculture | commercial agriculture in developed countries on plains with a dry climate and mild temperature making rye, corn, barley oats what ect but too much mono cropping |
| shifting cultivation agriculture | subsistence agriculture in developing countries found in tropical rainforests making millet, yam, sorghum, cassava and maize when you plant in rings and slash and burn |
| pastoral nomadism | subsistence agriculture in developing countries found in meadows and valleys with arid climates too dry for crops with seasonal movements with animals |
| plantations | commercial agriculture in developing countries planting lots and lots of cash crops in the tropics or subtropics with cheap labor |
| intensive subsistence wet rice dominant | subsistence agriculture in developing countries in east asia in river valleys making wet rice with terraces and flooding |
| intensive subsistence wet rice NOT dominant | subsistence agriculture in developing countries making cash crops in asia dry summers and harsh winters with man and animal power and crop rotations |
| autocracy | a government with one person in charge, usually getting power through force and high control |
| democracy | a government led by the citizens and their representatives with elections and legislatures and human rights |
| anocracy | a government with a power struggle between autocracy and democracy with instability in a transition phase with conflict |
| unitary | government organization where power is in the hands of a central government |
| confederation | government organization with number of parties or groups in an alliance or league |
| federal | government organization that allocates strong power to units of local government AND a central government |
| communism | economic political system where everything is publicly owned according to your needs, usually very high control and limited rights |
| capitalism | supply and demand economic system based on choice and agreement controlled by private owners who supply rather than the state |
| Territorial waters | 12 miles from shore, all countries laws apply and no foreign passage allowed |
| contiguous zone | 24 miles from shore, state has control over immigration, customs, taxes but innocent passage is allowed |
| Exclusive economic zone | 200 miles from shore, all resources below to the country |
| international waters | no country has claim over these waters or anything in them |
| Concentric Zone Model | urban model created by Burgess showing cities growing in rings out from the CBD |
| Sector model | urban model created by Hoyt showing cities growing in sectors from the CBD to the outer edge |
| multi nuclei model | urban model created by Harris and Ullman showing cities with multiple nodes with functioning areas around it |
| Galactic city model | urban model created by Harris showing inner city surrounded by large suburban residential areas and nodes tied together by a beltway/ring road |
| basic businesses | selling to consumers OUTSIDE settlement for economic base |
| nonbasic businesses | selling INSIDE settlement |
| infrastructure | fundamental facilities that serve as the foundations for settlements/services |
| isolated dwelling | 1-5 buildings, no services |
| hamlet | less than 100 people (very few services) |
| village | 100-1000 people (few services) |
| town | 1000-20,000 people (more services) |
| city | more than 20,000 people (all services) |
| metropolis | city AND suburbs, more than 1,000,000 people |
| conurbation | group of cities and suburbs 1,000,000-3,000,000 people |
| megalopolis | group of conurbations more than 10,000,000 people |
| megacity | over 10,000,000 people |
| world cities | cities with a dominant role in global stuff |
| metacity | over 20,000,000 people |
| core country | wealthy more developed country that other countries depend on |
| periphery country | less developed country |
| semi periphery | developing, industrializing, mostly capitalist, in between LDC and MDC |
| endangered language | a language that children are no longer learning and its remaining speakers use it less frequently |
| isolated language | a language that is unrelated to any other and not attached to a language family |
| athiest | believing god does not exist |
| agnostic | believing gods existence cant be proven or disproven empirically |
| fundamentalism | a literal interpretation and a strict/instese adherence to the basic principles of a religion, groups that mix politics with aspects of religion and claim their views as the only right ones |
| terroir | the sum of the effects on a particular food item or soil, climate, and other features of the local environment |
| development | the process of improving the conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology |
| GNI | gross national income, the value of the output of goods/services produced in a country in a year |
| PPP | purchasing power parity, an adjustment made to GNI to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods |
| GDP | gross domestic product, the value of the output of goods/services produced in a country in a year |
| per capita | per person |
| primary sector | activities directly extracting materials from earth through agriculture |
| secondary sector | manufacturers that process, transform, assemble raw materials into useful products/ industries that fabricate manufactured goods into finished consumer goods |
| tertiary sector | the provision of goods/services to people in exchange for payment |
| productivity | the value of a product compared to labor needed to make it |
| pupil/teacher ratio | #students divided by # teachers, better to have a low ratio |
| literacy rate | percentage of country's people who can read/write |
| bulk-gaining industry | creation of products that is larger at the end of the manufacturing process |
| bulk-reducing industry | creation of a product that is smaller at the end of the manufacturing process |
| Weber's least cost theory | theory that to locate the cheapest place to put your factor consider location of inputs, cost of transportation and location of market |
| break of bulk points | a point in transportation where goods are transferred |
| complementarity | a situation where two businesses/economics complement/depend on each other |
| comparative advantage | an economy's ability to produce a particular good/service at a lower opportunity cost than others |
| quaternary sector | economic sector with intellectuals such as research and science |
| quinary sector | gold collar sector with administrative people such as CEOs bosses or government |
| high valued manufactoring | things worth more than their raw materials |
| GIScience | Geographic Information Science, the analysis of data about Earth acquired through satellite and other electronic information technologies |
| GIS | geographic information system, captures, stores, queries and displays the geographic data, produces maps that are more accurate than hand drawn stuff |
| photogrammertry | the science of taking measurements of earths surface from photographs |
| remote sensing | the acquisition of data about earths surface from a satellite orbiting earth or from other long distance methods |
| GPS | global positioning system, a system that determines the precise position of something on earth |
| geotagging | identification and storage of a piece of information by its precise latitude and longitude coordinates |
| VGI | volunteered geographic information, the creation and dissemination of geographic data contributed voluntarily and for free by individuals |
| citizen science | scientific research by amateur scientists |
| PGIS | participatory geographic information science, community-based mapping |
| mashup | a map that overlays data from one source on top of a map provided by a mapping service |
| API | the language that links a data base such as address list with software such as mapping software |
| mental map | a personal representation of a portion of earths surface |
| map scale | the level of detail and the amount of area covered on a map, the relationship of a features size on a map to its actual size on earth |
| projection | the scientific method of transferring locations on earths surface to a flat map |
| Winkel projection | map projection, size is good, shape is good except for a few ellipse |
| Mercator projection | map projection, size is bad, shape is good, direction bad rectangular |
| Goode Homolosine projection | map projection, land masses too big in comparison to ocean, size and shape is good orange peel |
| Gall-Peters projection | map projection, size is good, shape is bad rectangle |
| meridian/ longitude | arc on earth connecting north and south poles |
| parallel/latitude | circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator at right angle to meridians |
| prime meridian | 0* longitude |
| isoline map | map type, connects with lines all the places that have particular values |
| dot distribution map | map type, depicts data as points and shows how those points are clustered together or spread out over and area |
| choropleth map | map type, recognizable areas are shaded or pattered in a proportion to the measurement of the variable |
| graduated symbol map | map type, displays symbols that change in size according to the value of the variable |
| cartogram | map type, the size of a country or state is proportional to the value of a particular variable |
| location | the position that something occupies on earths surface |
| absolute location | the position of a place in a way that never changes |
| language | a system of signs, sounds, gestures and marks that have meanings understood within a cultural group |
| ethnicity | identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth |
| religion | the principal system of attitudes, beliefs, and practices through which people worship in an organized way |
| spatial association | when the distribution of one feature is related to the distribution of another feature |
| globalization | a force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope |
| transnational corporation | a company that conducts research, operates factories or sells products in MANY countries, not just where its headquarters and principal shareholders are located |
| postructuralist geography | geography examining how the powerful in a society dominate or seek to control less powerful groups, how the dominated groups occupy space and confrontations that result from the domination |
| humanistic geography | geography emphasizing the different ways that individuals form ideas about place and give those places symbolic meanings |
| behavioral geography | geography emphasizing the importance of understanding the psychological basis for individual human actions in space |
| uneven development | the increasing gap in economic conditions between regions in the core and periphery that results from the globalization of the economy |
| the three major world cities | New York, London, Tokyo |
| hearth | a place from which something originates |
| meme | contagious diffusion specifically through social media or the internet |
| distance decay | the farther away something is the less they interact |
| space-time compression | the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place |
| network | chain of communication that connects places |
| environmental determinism | theory that the physical environment causes social development |
| possibilism | the physical environment may limit some human actions but people have the ability to adjust to their environment |
| polder | a piece of land created by draining water from an area by the Dutch |
| UTC | coordinated universal time, the time at the prime meridian and the master reference for all time on earth |
| international date line | an arc that for the most part follows 180* longitude, when crossed you either go forward or back 24 hours |
| cultural ecology | a geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships |
| mental map | a representation of a portion of earths surface based on what an individual knows about a place that contains personal impressions of what is in the place and where the place is located |
| demographic transition stage 1 | high CBR, high CDR, low NIR |
| demographic transition stage 2 | high CBR, rapid declining CDR, very high NIR |
| demographic transition stage 3 | rapid declining CBR, declining CDR, moderate NIR |
| demographic transition stage 4 | low CBR, low CDR, 0 or negative NIR |
| medical revolution | medical technology invented in europe |
| industrial revolution | conjunction of major improvements in manufacturing goods |
| MMR | maternal mortality rate, the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy |
| sex ratio | number of males per 100 females |
| potential support ratio/ elderly support ratio | the number of working age people divided by the number of people 65 and older |
| population pyramid | a bar graph that displays the percentage of a places population for each age and gender |
| dependency ratio | the number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years |
| epidemiologic transition | focusing on distinctive health threats in each stage of the demographic transition |
| epidemiologic transition stage 1 | stage of demographic transition characterized by pestilence and famine |
| epidemiologic transition stage 2 | stage of demographic transition characterized by receding pandemics |
| epidemiologic transition stage 3 | stage of demographic transition characterized by degenerative diseases |
| epidemiologic transition stage 4 | stage of demographic transition characterized by delayed degenerative and lifestyle diseases |
| demographic transition stage 5 | theoretical, very low CBR, increasing CDR, declining NIR |
| epidemiologic transition stage 5 | stage of demographic transition characterized by evolution of diseases and poverty and increased connections |
| Thomas Malthus | british economist, one of the first to argue that the worlds rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies |
| neo-malthusians | believers that food production will not be able to handle growing population growth |
| doubling time | the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of increase |
| migration | a permanent move to a new location |
| circulation | short-term, repetitive or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis such as daily monthly or annually |
| Ravensteins migration principles | distance, reason why, migrants characteristics |
| migration transition | the change in the migration pattern in a society that results from the social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition |
| migration transition stage 1 | stage of demographic transition characterized by high daily or seasonal mobility in search of food |
| migration transition stage 2 | stage of demographic transition characterized by high international emigration and interregional migration from rural to urban areas |
| migration transition stage 3 | stage of demographic transition characterized by high international immigration and intraregional migration from cities to suburbs |
| interregional migration | movement from one region of a country to another |
| intraregional migration | movement within one region |
| emigration | migration FROM a location |
| immigration | migration TO a location |
| net migration | the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants |
| counterurbanization | net migration from urban to rural areas |
| remittance | the transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated |
| unauthorized immigrants | people who enter a country without proper documents |
| brain drain | emigration by talented people |
| circular migration | the temporary movement of a migrant worker |
| immigration quota | in reference to migration a law that places maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to the country each year |
| taboo | restriction on behavior imposed by religious law or social custom |
| cultural homogenization | spread of popular culture across larger spaces results in loss of localized folk culture diversity and convergence of cultural preferences |
| franchise | an agreement between a corporation and businesspeople to market that corporations products in a local area |
| institutional language | language used in education, work, mass, media and government |
| developing language | language used in daily use by people of all ages |
| vigorous language | language in daily use by people of all ages but lacks literary tradition |
| threatened language | language used for face to face communication but is losing users |
| dying language | language used by older people but not being transmitted to children |
| literary tradition | language written as well as spoken |
| logograms | symbols that represent words or meaningful parts of words |
| official language | language used by government to enact legislation, publish documents and conduct other public business |
| working language | language designated by an international organization or corporation as its primary means of communication for daily correspondence and conversation |
| standard language | dialect of a language that is well establish and widely recognized as the most acceptable for government business and education and mass communication |
| mutual intelligibility | the ability of people speaking in two ways to readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort, usually between dialects |
| extinct language | language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer in use |
| four largest religions | Christianity, Muslim/Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism |
| congregation | a local assembly of persons brought together for common religious worship |
| denomination | religious term uniting a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body |
| branch | a large and fundamental division within a religion |
| polytheism | worshipping multiple gods |
| monotheism | believing there is only one God |
| Abrahamic origin religions | christianity, islam, judaism |
| pagodas | buddhist relics believed to contain portions of buddhas body or clothing |
| Muhammad | islamic religious figure |
| pilgrimage | important journey to holy place sometimes used as rituals |
| Guatama | buddhist religious figure |
| mosques | islamic place for worship |
| church | christian place for worship |
| gurdwara | sikh place for worship |
| synogogues | jewish place for worship |
| utopian settlement | a community built to reflect the ideals of a particular religious or social group |
| autonomous religon | self sufficient religion with little and loose cooperation and shared ideas |
| cosmogony | set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe |
| dalai lama | chinese buddhist religious figure |
| ghetto | during the middle ages a neighboorhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by jews, now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social legal or economic discrimination |
| race | identity with a group of people who are perceived to share a physiological trait |
| triangular slave trade | trading pattern of slaves in the 18th century |
| sharecropping | working fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops |
| Kurds | ethnic group in western asia in Turkey, Iran, Syria and Iraq |
| city-state | micro state comprising a city and its surrounding countryside |
| colony | a territory that is legally tired to a sovereign state rather than being completetly independent |
| weapon of mass destruction | a nuclear, biological, chemical or other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to a large number or humans or cause great damage to human made structures, natural structures or the biosphere |
| EU | european union, made to heal scars from WWll |
| COMECON | Council for mutual economic assistance, designed to promote trade and sharing of natural resources in communist eastern europe |
| eurozone | europe all using the euro as currency in effort to strengthen economies |
| NATO | north atlantic treaty organization, a military alliance among democratic states in europe plus US and canada |
| the warsaw pact | a military agreement among communist eastern european countries |
| terrorism | the threatened or actual use of illegal force and violence by a nonstate actor to attain a political economic religious or social goal through fear coercion or intimidation |
| perforated state | a state that completely surrounds another one |
| compact state | state where the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly kinda like a circle |
| elongated states | state with long and narrow shape, may struggle with communication internally or isolation from capitals |
| fragmented state | state with several discontinuous pieces of territory |
| prorupted state | an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension |
| landlocked state | state with no direct outlet to a sea because it is completely surrounded by other countries |
| cracking | form of gerrymandering where like-minded voters are spread thin to prevent them from reaching a majority |
| packing | form of gerrymandering where like-minded voters are packed into one district to prevent them from affecting elections in other districts |
| dietary energy consumption | the amount of food that an individual consumes |
| cereal grain | grass that yields grain for food |
| cash crop | crop grown for sale rather than for the farmers own use |
| crop rotation | the practice of rotating use of different fields from copr to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil |
| wet rice | rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth |
| sawah/paddy | flooded rice field in indonesia |
| fallow | nothing planted on a crop |
| frequent relocation agriculture | form of shifting cultivation: farmers grow crops on a cleared field for only a few years until soil nutrients are depleted and then leave for many years so soil can recover |
| transhumance | seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas |
| overfishing | capturing fish faster than they can reproduce |
| aquaculture/aquafarming | the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions |
| agribusiness | systems of commercial farming including food processing, packaging, storage, distribution, retailing |
| first ring von Thunen model | market gardens, milk producers |
| second ring von Thunen model | wood, timber |
| third ring von Thunen model | crops, pasture |
| fourth ring von Thunen model | animal grazing |
| von Thunen model | model for proximity to market choice without consideration for topographic factors |
| GMO | genetically modified organism, posseses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology |
| organic agriculture | farming that depends on the use of naturally occurring substances which prohibiting synthetic substances |
| conservation tillage | method of soil cultivation reducing soil erosion and runoff |
| no tillage | leaving all soil undisturbed |
| ridge tillage | system of planting crops on ridge tops |
| wallersteins world systems theory | in an increasingly unified world economy, developed countries form an inner core area whereas developing countries occupy peripheral locations |
| female labor participation rate | the percentage of women holding full time jobs outside the home |
| adolescent fertility rate | the number of births per 1000 women ages 15-19 |
| the four dragons | singapore, south korea, taiwan, hong kong |
| FDI | foreign direct investment, investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country |
| stimulus strategy | governments spend more money than they collect taxes, stimulate economy by putting people to work |
| austerity strategy | government should sharply reduce taxes, spending cut |
| structural adjustment program | contains economic reforms or adjustments such as economic goals strategies for achieving the objectives and external financing requirements |
| fair trade | international trade that provides greater equity to workers and small businesses in developing countries |
| cottage industry system | home based manufactoring |
| capital | the funds to establish new factories or modernize existing ones |
| demand | the quantity that people wish to consume and are able to buy |
| supply |
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johnssyd007
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