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Chapter 15
Global Processes: Demography, Culture, and the Environment 1900 - present
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Population Explosion | An extraordinarily rapid growth in human population during the twentieth century that quadrupled human numbers in little more than a century. Experienced primarily in the Global South. |
| Green Revolution | Innovations in agriculture during the twentieth century, such as mechanical harvesters, chemical fertilizers, and the development of high-yielding crops, that enabled global food production to keep up with, and even exceed, growing human numbers. |
| Global Urbanization | The explosive growth of cities after 1900, caused by the reduced need for rural labor and more opportunities for employment in manufacturing, commerce, government, and the service industry. |
| Mega cities | metropolitan areas with a total population of more than 10 million people |
| Labor Migration | The movement of people, often illegally, into another country to escape poverty or violence and to seek opportunities for work that are less available in their own countries. |
| Influenza Pandemic | The worst pandemic in human history, caused by three waves of influenza that swept across the globe in 1918 and 1919, carried by demobilized soldiers, refugees, and other dislocated people returning home from World War I |
| HIV/AIDS | A pathogen that spreads primarily through sexual contact, contaminated blood products, or the sharing of needles; after sparking a global pandemic in the 1980s, it spread rapidly across the globe and caused tens of millions of deaths. |
| World Health Organization | help coordinate efforts to combat disease within national borders and beyond |
| Cultural Globalization | The global spread of elements of popular culture such as film, language, and music from various places of origin, especially the spread of Western cultural forms to the rest of the world |
| Bollywood | India’s huge film industry, known as Bollywood, had a major cultural impact in the Soviet Union, Western Europe, the United States, and Latin America. |
| Religious Fundamentalism | Occurring within all the major world religions, fundamentalism is a self-proclaimed return to the alleged “fundamentals” of a religion and is marked by a militant piety, exclusivism, and a sense of threat from the modern secular world. |
| Hindutva | A Hindu nationalist movement that became politically important in India in the 1980s; advocated a distinct Hindu identity and decried government efforts to accommodate other faith communities, particularly Islamic. |
| BJP Party | The Hindutva movement took political shape in an increasingly popular party called the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), promoting a distinctly Hindu identity in education, culture, and religion. |
| Islamic Radicalism | Movements that promote strict adherence to the Quran and the sharia, often in opposition to key elements of Western culture. |
| September 11, 2001 | The September 11 attacks, commonly known as 9/11, were a series of four coordinated suicide terrorist attacks carried out by the militant Islamic extremist network al-Qaeda against the United States on Tuesday September 11, 2001. |
| Muslim Brotherhood | Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood did come to power peacefully in 2012, but it was removed by the military a year later amid widespread protests against its policies. |
| Holocene Era | These environmental conditions were uniquely favorable for human thriving and enabled the development of agriculture, significant population growth, and the creation of complex civilizations. |
| Chlorofluorocarbons | used as refrigerants, cleaning solvents, and aerosol propellants and in the manufacture of plastic foams, and that are believed to be a major cause of stratospheric ozone depletion |
| Climate Change | The warming of the planet largely caused by higher concentrations of “greenhouse gases,” generated by the burning of fossil fuels. It has become the most pressing environmental issue of the early twenty-first century. |
| Silent Spring | exposed the chemical contamination of the environment with a particular emphasis on the use of pesticides. The book struck a chord with millions, triggering environmental movements on both sides of the Atlantic. |
| Second-Wave Environmentalism | began in the 1960s and triggered environmental movements in Europe and North America. It was characterized by widespread grassroots involvement focused on issues such as pollution, resource depletion, protection of wildlife habitats, and nuclear power. |
| Green Belt Movement | Kenya’s Green Belt Movement organized groups of village women to plant millions of trees intended to forestall the growth of deserts and protect the soil. |
| Paris Climate Agreement | An international agreement negotiated in 2015 among some 195 countries, 700 cities, and many companies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions sufficiently to avoid a 2C increase in global temperatures. The United States withdrew from the agreement in 2017. |
Created by:
Zining Cheng
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