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Chapter 14
Global Processes - Technology, Economy, and Society 1900-present
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Age of Fossil Fuels | Twentieth-century shift in energy production with increased use of coal and oil, resulting in the widespread availability of electricity and the internal combustion engine; a major source of the greenhouse gases that drive climate change. |
| Electric Grids | which generated power and transmitted it widely to homes and businesses. began in the late nineteenth century in the already industrialized countries, but it spread rapidly in capitalist, communist, colonial, and developing countries alike. |
| Automobile | But the growing availability of cheap gasoline established the internal combustion engine as the means of propulsion for cars for the next century |
| Communication Revolution | Modern transformation of communication technology, from the nineteenth-century telegraph to the present-day smart phone. |
| Radio | Radio and the movies now became vehicles of popular culture, transmitting American jazz to Europe and turning Hollywood stars into international celebrities. |
| Cellular Phones | a phone with access to a cellular radio system so it can be used over a wide area, without a physical connection to a network. |
| Nuclear Weapons | Made US and USSR the new global powers during the Cold War. |
| Economic Globalization | The deepening economic entanglement of the world’s peoples, especially since 1950; accompanied by the spread of industrialization in the Global South and extraordinary economic growth following World War II; Generated inequality and resistance |
| Asian Tigers | Nickname for the East Asian countries of South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong, which experienced remarkable export-driven economic growth in the late twentieth century. |
| Bretton-Woods System | Name for the agreements and institutions (including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund) set up in 1944 to regulate commercial and financial dealings among the major capitalist countries. |
| World Bank | an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects. |
| Transnational Corporations | Global businesses that produce goods or deliver services simultaneously in many countries; growing in number since the 1960s, some have more assets and power than many countries. |
| World Trade Organization | An international body representing 149 nations and charged with negotiating the rules for global commerce and promoting free trade; its meetings have been the site of major anti-globalization protests since 1999. |
| NAFTA | Free trade agreement between the United States, Mexico, and Canada, established in 1984. |
| Consumerism | A culture of leisure and consumption that developed during the past century or so in tandem with global economic growth and an enlarged middle class; emerged first in the Western world and later elsewhere. |
| Export Processing Zone | an area set up to enhance commercial and industrial exports by encouraging economic growth through investment from foreign entities |
| Service Sector | Industries like government, medicine, education, finance, and communication that have grown due to increasing consumerism, population, and communication technologies. |
| Informal Economy | Also known as the “shadow” economy; refers to unofficial, unregulated, and untaxed economic activity. |
| One-Child Family Policy | Chinese policy of population control that lasted from 1980 to 2014; used financial incentives and penalties to promote birth control, sterilization, and abortions in an effort to limit most families to a single child. |
| Women’s Department | A distinctive organization, known as Zhenotdel, within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union that worked to promote equality for women in the 1920s with conferences, publications, and education. |
| Second-Wave Feminism | second-wave feminists demanded equal rights for women in employment and education, women’s right to control their own bodies, and the end of patriarchal domination. |
| Feminism in the Global South | Mobilization of women across Asia, Africa, and Latin America; distinct from Western feminism because of its focus on issues such as colonialism, racism, and poverty, rather than those exclusively related to gender. |
Created by:
Zining Cheng
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