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History 1020 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cotton Industry | flourished during the Industrial Revolution |
| Flying Shuttle | JOHN KAY 1733. Used a spring to weave cloth |
| Spinning Jenny | JAMES HARGREAVES 1764. Made several spools of thread at one time |
| Spinning Mule | SAMUEL CROMPTON 1777 |
| Power Loom | EDMUND CARTWRIGHT 1785, loom attached to steam engines |
| Steam Engines | often exploded and needed to be made of good metal and steel |
| Atmospheric Engine | THOMAS NEWCOMEN, slow because it was hard to get rid of excess steam |
| James Watt | improved the steam engine by adding an external condenser |
| Boulton and Wilkinson | entrepreneurs that funded the production of Watt's Steam Engine |
| Puddling | used a ladle to get the purist metal from the top/center of the large vat |
| Steam Powered Bellows | blew air on coal to raise temperature |
| Rolling Mills | rollers attached to engines to make plate steel. reduced manual labor |
| Robert Fulton | invented the STEAMSHIP |
| Stephenson | invented the first RAILROAD |
| Cockerhill | Steam Power in Belgium 1799 |
| Harkort | Steam Power in Prussia 1832 |
| Rothschild and Credit Mobelier | Jewish Branch of Banks of Europe, invested in steam mills |
| Entrepreneurial Middle Class | new middle class that got wealthier than the old middle class |
| Second Industrial Revolution | internal combustion engine replaced steam engine. burned gas and oil and was more powerful. Electricity |
| Enlightenment Through Education | people by nature are free, and it was agreed that all humans had use of reason |
| Divine Right | monarchs believed that the kingdom and all nobles have power from god |
| John Locke | equality and legitimacy, believed all humans are born with a blank slate |
| Montesquieu | Separation of Powers. Thought British system was best because there was a king and a parliament |
| Rousseau | French, focused on ABSOLUTE DEMOCRACY |
| Stamp Act | 1765, meant that any paper documents had to be taxed |
| Coercive Acts | forced colonists to pay taxes on everything to the British. Lead to the beginning of a revolution. |
| Louis 16 | became king of France in 1774. Weak ruler. French people were in extreme poverty but he and his wife lead extravagant lifestyles. |
| Estates General | 1788, used to find a way to get more taxes to pay debt. had not been called in 2 centuries. Made up of: 300 Clergy 200 Nobles 600 Commoners |
| Tennis Court Oath | 1789, commoners came together and made a vow not to go home until a new constitution was written for france |
| National Assembly | the name of the group that formed at the tennis court |
| Bastille | was attacked and released prisoners, this became a symbol of the French Revolution |
| Constitutional Monarchy | France became one in 1790, King got to keep his position but laws were written by a legislature that was elected. Limited voting to property owning white males Free Economy Church and Noble property was confiscated and given to peasants |
| French Coalition | formed in 1791. Declared war against new government but France did not have an army |
| Maximillian Robespierre | leader of the Jacobins. |
| Jacobins | wanted a republic and radical change for France |
| France, September 1792 | France became a republic, universal male suffrage, Jacobins changed calendar and abolished Catholic Church |
| Reign of Terror | 40,000 people became victims due to accusations of treason. ended in 1794 |
| Gullotine | invented during the reign of terror, believed to be more humane form of execution. Robespierre, Louis the 16th and Marie Antoinette were killed |
| Directory | elected in France at the end of the reign or terror. a group of 5 men that helped get things back in order |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | born in Corsica, Italian anscestors, minor nobility. began to rise in the military ranks in 1799 and overthrew the Directory. |
| Firs Counsul | 1799 Napoleon was named the first counsul, this title was given when he overthrew the directory |
| Centralized Government | Napoleon established this after sending out Plebicites (which were like an election). Established security of property and the Bank of France |
| Concordat | title given to Napleon in 1801. The Pope also recognized Napoleon as the rightful leader of France, Napoleon agreed to re-establish the catholic church in France |
| Napoleanic Code | new set of laws for France. Napoleon did not believe in freedom of speech or civil rights, and used the Secret Police |
| Continental System | Napoleon forced the rest of Europe to ban trade with Britain. His plan was to starve Britain into submission, but Britain began to grow its own grain and beat Napoleon's system |
| Grand Army | Napoleon out together 600,000 people in order to conquer Russia because the believed they had been supplying Britain. Ended up deep in Russian territory and stretched supply lines too thin, returned with an army of 30,000. HUGE LOSS |
| Quadruple Alliance | Russia, Austria, Prussia, and Great Britain allied against Napoleon and defeated him in 1814 |
| Elba | where Napoleon was exiled to and proclaimed king over. |
| Louis 18th | appointed as monarch leader after the expulsion of Napoleon. |
| 100 DAYS | 1814, Napoleon returned to France, and was well received. Forced out Louis the 18th. ruled for 100 days |
| Waterloo | Napoleon formed an army to fight the Quadruple Alliance but was defeated again and forced to St. Helena where he died in 1821 |
| Vienna Congress | formed after Napoleon. Believed in divine rights Mettermich Alexander 1 Quadruple Alliance Two goals: keep peace in Europe, and political and social conservation. SUCCESSFUL NO MAJOR WARS FOR 100 Years |
| Holy Alliance | written by Alexander 1. Was an attempt to prevent any change to European societies and government. He proposed this would be done through christian principles. He got a lot of leaders to sign it but in the end it FAILED |
| Metternich | was a noble representative of the Austrian Empire. Believed in Divine Right. |
| Spain and Southern Italy (Revolutions) | wanted a classical LIBERAL revolution, meaning they wanted more participation in their government. Europe stepped in a prevented these revolutions |
| Greece (Revolutions) | wanted a NATIONAL REVOLUTION. Was part of the Ottoman Empire, and therefore got more sympathy from Europe because they were ruled by Muslims. Russians helped out Greeks to become independent |
| Charles X | became King of France in 1830. Wanted to rule like medieval kings and have ABSOLUTE RULE. People of France were unwilling to be ruled in this fashion, and Charles X was forced to flee the country. |
| Louis Phillipe | member of the Bourbon family and was offered the crown. Was well liked and accepted but the people of France. Referred to himself as the "First Citizen of France" and "King of the French" |
| 1830- Belgium | went into revolution against the Netherlands. they wanted nationalism and eventually became a monarchy |
| 1830-Poland | had revolutions against Russia. The big powers of Europe did not like this, and a Russian army crushed the revolution |
| Lafayette | French man that helped as a leader in the Revolution in France as well as America |
| 1858-Germany | wanted Nationalism and a unified Germany. But there was no German country only a German language and seperate states. Congress of Vienna didn't unify Germany because they were afraid it would upset the power balance in Europe |
| Adam Smith | wrote the "Wealth of Nations" he described economic freedom and "Laissez Faire" meaning "let them act" |
| Classical Liberalism | come from the ideas of the middle class. Educated middle class thought of new forms of government. These revolutions made the middle class wealthier and larger than the upper class. |
| Corn Laws | 1815, prevented imports of grain from other countries. This law helped the landowners make more money, but common people suffered because of the high prices |
| Peterloo | outside of manchester commoners gathered to hear speeches that spoke out against the government |
| Pocket Borroughs | elections in england started to become corrupted. Families began to "own" particular seats in parliament which were passed on through the family. |
| Reform Bill of 1832 | changed the corruption. there were now real campaigns and legitimate elections. A greater population could also vote and the parliament represented more of the population |
| Nationalism | is the desire to become a country |
| Romanticism | focused people on their national culture. Middle class now paid more attention to a specific culture. Artists focused on their own history and culture rather than Christendom. They were inspired by their own heritage. |
| Madame de Stael | a French woman of nobility who fled France. Wrote essays that were published about the specific countries she visited. Her essays always focused on national characteristics |
| Socialism | came into existence in 1820 |
| Urban Problems | included cities not being prepared for all the families moving in. There was no running water in the cities, which made for very unsanitary conditions |
| Labor Problems | long hours, low pay, and every member of the family was working. No protection from companies if an accident happened. No compensation, accidents happened often because the machinery was unprotected. |
| Environmental Concerns | coal was the major power source and it ruined the air, made the air unbreathable |
| Christian Utopian Writers | believed that the rich were leading bad lives and so were the poor people. they believed if we were equal we could save our souls |
| Babeuf | thought that the state should control the economy, conspiracy of equals |
| Manifesto of Equals | as long as some people are rich and some are poor there is no real equality. The answer was to create communism, an equal sharing of land and economy was the only way to achieve real equality. |
| Equality Before the Law | does not necessarily bring about economic equality, but most democratic societies have this system |
| Adam Smith | insisted that if the government introduced Laissez Faire the economy would expand and there would be more wealth for everyone |
| Welfare Payment | in Great Britain, if the family income fell below a certain point, the state would give them monetary compensation |
| Malthus | people reproduce geometrically and plants reproduce arithmetically, eventually leading to humans running out of food and dying of starvation. |
| Iron Law of Wages | supply and demands, when there are more workers, the wages go down and when there are fewer workers the wages go up. |
| Claude St. Simon | French noble, president of a very large bank. believed that the state should be the owners and managers of the economy. |
| Charles Fourier | british man that owned a large textile mill. believed that a community should live in a small town that revolved around the factory. In this community all people would have an ideal existance. |
| Robert Owen | also believed in communal ownership of factories |
| Karl Marx | wrote the communist manifesto, outlined the ideas of socialism and divided history into eras. It stated that everywhere history goes through the same developments |
| Bourgeoisie | middle class, owned shops, produced goods, and steadily grows |
| Feudalism | the ruling class that had nobles |
| Liberalism | when the middle class grows tired of being ruled |
| Labor Theory of Value | all value of a manufactured object came from the labor that went into it. Since workers were not getting credit for their work they had a right to take it. |
| Louis Napoleon | nephew of napoleon 1, led a clever political campaign. Made many promises, and won the election mostly because the French still supported the Napoleon name. |
| Ten Hours Act | women and children could only work a limited 10 hours a day. Men could still work unlimited hours. |
| Otto van Bismarck | King of Prussia, had great military skills and a very clever politician. Granted constitutions to Prussia. Very efficient government which was not corrupt. OUTLAWED SOCIALISM |
| Sickness and Accident Insurance | this meant if someone were injured on the job they would be taken care of and there would be compensation. State taxes and employers paid this insurance |
| Retirement Benefits | Germany was the first country to offer this |
| Suez Canal | built during the reign of Napoleon the 3rd. |
| Franco Prussian War | 1870, during the reign of Napoleon the 3rd. He did not like war, but was provoked into this one. Ultimately fled the country |
| Charles Lyell | one of the founders of Geology. viewed layers of the earth and estimated it was millions of years old. also assumed evolution. |
| Jean Lemarck | french, and firm believer in evolution. inherited adaptive change. was later proven wrong but ideas set the basis for survival of the fittest |
| Charles Darwin | marine biologist who took trip to south pacific and developed ideas about evolution. Origin of the Species |
| Alexander 1 | ruled Russia from 1801-1825. Defeated Napoleon, and supported conservative ideas |
| Intelligentsia | cultured, intellectual people of russia that wanted to reform Russia. most were nobility, and their population steadily grew and continued to criticize monarchy. |
| Decemberist Revolt | at the death of Alexander 1 many of the intellegensia decided to take action and sent troops into the city to lead reforms. 5 were executed and others sent to labor in Siberia. BECAME HEROES UNDER NICHOLAS 1 |
| Nicholas 1 | Russia at war with Britain and France. Defeated badly by new industrialized Navy. Russia had never industrialized and still had a wooden fleet. |
| Alexander 2 | had responsibility to end the war. Made announcement he was going to free the serfs. Even with their emancipation the serfs were still tied to the land and their situation did not improve. |
| Revolutionary Movement | lead by Alexander Herzen in russia. He thought that the peasants should rise up and overthrow the monarch. |
| Alexander 3 | took over Alexander 2 was assassinated. Under the minister of transportation Witte, Russia began to undergo industrialization |
| Trans-Siberian Railroad | created by Witte. Thought that the government should pour their money into the building of more railroads, these new railroads created a larger market for entrepreneurs. |
| Proletariat | workers in industry. this middle class in russia began to grow with industrilization. Now Russia had oppressed workers like many other industrialized countries |
| Peoples Budget | In Britain, 1907, there was universal male suffrage. Peoples Budget allowed for workers insurance and pension rights. |
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